ESP32-CAM_MJPEG2SD

ESP32 / ESP32S3 Camera application to record JPEGs to SD card as AVI files and playback to browser as an MJPEG stream. The AVI format allows recordings to replay at correct frame rate on media players. If a microphone is installed then a WAV file is also created and stored in the AVI file.

Changes for version 8.0:

compiled for arduino-esp32 v2.0.6
support for ESP32S3 (much better than ESP32)
simultaneous Wifi Station and AP mode
lamp has variable intensity
internal code restructuring.

Changes up to version 8.4:

Web page improvements and jQuery removed.
Support for OV5640 and OV3660 cameras, but see OV5640 section below.
Spurious error message removed.
fix for timezone.
fix for unwanted APs.
NTP server configurable.

Purpose

The application enables video capture of motion detection or timelapse recording. Examples include security cameras or wildlife monitoring. This instructable by Max Imagination shows how to build a WiFi Security Camera using an earlier version of this code.

Saving a set of JPEGs as a single file is faster than as individual files and is easier to manage, particularly for small image sizes. Actual rate depends on quality and size of SD card and complexity and quality of images. A no-name 4GB SDHC labelled as Class 6 was 3 times slower than a genuine Sandisk 4GB SDHC Class 2. The following recording rates were achieved on a freshly formatted Sandisk 4GB SDHC Class 2 on a AI Thinker OV2640 board, set to maximum JPEG quality and highest clock rate.

Frame Size	OV2640 camera max fps	mjpeg2sd max fps	Detection time ms
96X96	50	45	15
QQVGA	50	45	20
QCIF	50	45	30
HQVGA	50	45	40
240X240	50	45	55
QVGA	50	40	70
CIF	50	40	110
HVGA	50	40	130
VGA	25	20	80
SVGA	25	20	120
XGA	12.5	5	180
HD	12.5	5	220
SXGA	12.5	5	300
UXGA	12.5	5	450

The ESP32S3 (using Freenove ESP32S3 Cam board hosting ESP32S3 N8R8 module) runs the app about double the speed of the ESP32 mainly due to much faster PSRAM. It can record at the maximum OV2640 frame rates including audio for all frame sizes except UXGA (max 10fps).

Design

The application was originally based on the Arduino CameraWebServer example but has since been extensively modified, including contributions made by @gemi254.

The ESP32 Cam module has 4MB of PSRAM which is used to buffer the camera frames and the construction of the AVI file to minimise the number of SD file writes, and optimise the writes by aligning them with the SD card sector size. For playback the AVI is read from SD into a multiple sector sized buffer, and sent to the browser as timed individual frames. The SD card is used in MMC 1 line mode, as this is practically as fast as MMC 4 line mode and frees up pin 4 (connected to onboard Lamp), and pin 12 which can be used for eg a PIR.

The AVI files are named using a date time format YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS with added frame size, recording rate, duration and frame count, eg 20200130_201015_VGA_15_60_900.avi, and stored in a per day folder YYYYMMDD. If audio is included the filename ends with _S.
The ESP32 time is set from an NTP server or connected browser client.

Installation

Download github files into the Arduino IDE sketch folder, removing -master from the application folder name. Select the required ESP-CAM board using CAMERA_MODEL_ in appGlobals.h unless using the defaults:

ESP32 Cam board - CAMERA_MODEL_AI_THINKER
ESP32S3 Cam board - CAMERA_MODEL_ESP32S3_EYE

Compile with PSRAM enabled and the following Partition scheme:

ESP32 - Minimal SPIFFS (...)
ESP32S3 - 8M with spiffs (...)

NOTE: If you get compilation errors you need to update your arduino-esp32 library in the IDE using Boards Manager

The application web pages and configuration data file (except passwords) are stored in the /data folder which needs to be copied as a folder to the SD card, or automatically downloaded from GitHub on app startup. This reduces the size of the application on flash and reduces wear as well as making updates easier.

On first installation, the application will start in wifi AP mode (connect to SSID: ESP-CAM_MJPEG_ ) to allow router and password details to be entered via the web page on 192.168.4.1. If the /data folder is not present on the SD card, it is downloaded from GitHub. Subsequent updates to the application, or to the /data folder contents, can be made using the OTA Upload button on the main web page. The /data folder can also be reloaded from GitHub using the Reload /data button on the configuration web page accessed via the Edit Config button.

Browser functions only tested on Chrome.

Main Function

A recording is generated either by the camera itself detecting motion as given in the Motion detection by Camera section below, or by holding a given pin high (kept low by internal pulldown when released), eg by using a PIR. In addition a recording can be requested manually using the Start Recording button on the web page.

To play back a recording, select the file using Select folder / file on the browser to select the day folder then the required AVI file. After selecting the AVI file, press Start Playback button to playback the recording. The Start Stream button shows a live feed from the camera.

Recordings can then be uploaded to an FTP server or downloaded to the browser for playback on a media application, eg VLC.

A time lapse feature is also available which can run in parallel with motion capture. Time lapse files have the format 20200130_201015_VGA_15_60_900_T.avi

Other Functions and Configuration

The operation of the application can be modified dynamically as below, by using the main web page, which should mostly be self explanatory.

Connections:

The FTP, Wifi, SMTP, and time zone parameters can be defined on the web page under Other Settings.
- for Time Zone use dropdown, or paste in values from second column here
To make the changes persistent, press the Save button
mdns name services in order to use http://[Host Name] instead of ip address.

To change the recording parameters:

Resolution is the pixel size of each frame
Frame Rate is the required frames per second
Quality is the level of JPEG compression which affects image size.

SD storage management:

Folders or files within folders can be deleted by selecting the required file or folder from the drop down list then pressing the Delete button and confirming.
Folders or files within folders can be uploaded to a remote server via FTP by selecting the required file or folder from the drop down list then pressing the FTP Upload button. Can be uploaded in AVI format.
Download selected AVI file from SD card to browser using Download button.
Delete, or upload and delete oldest folder when card free space is running out.
Log viewing options via web page (may slow recorded frame rate), displayed using Show Log button:
- Log to browser: log is dynamically output via websocket
- Log to SD card: log is stored on SD card, use Retrieve SD Log button to retrieve or refresh.

Configuration Web Page

More configuration details accessed via Edit Config button, which displays further buttons:

Wifi: Additional WiFi and webserver settings.

Motion: See Motion detection by Camera section.

Peripherals eg:

Select if a PIR is to be used (which can also be used in parallel with camera motion detection).
Auto switch the lamp on for nightime PIR detection.
Control pan / tilt cradle for camera.
Connect an external I2S microphone
Connect a DS18B20 temperature sensor
Monitor voltage of battery supply on ADC pin

Note that there are not enough free pins on the ESP32 camera module to allow all external sensors to be used. Pins that can be used (with some limitations) are: 3, 4, 12, 13, 33.

pin 3: Labelled U0R. Only use as input pin, as also used for flashing.
pin 4: Also used for onboard lamp. Lamp can be disabled by removing its current limiting resistor.
pin 12: Only use as output pin.
pin 33: Used by onboard red LED. Not broken out, but can repurpose the otherwise pointless VCC pin by removing its adjacent resistor marked 3V3, and the red LED current limiting resistor, then running a wire between the VCC pin and the red LED resistor solder tab.

Can also use the ESP32-IO_Extender repository.

The ESP32S3 Freenove board can support all of the above peripherals with its spare pins.

On-board LEDs:

ESP32 - Lamp: 4, signal: 33.
ESP32S3 - Lamp: 48, signal: 2.

Other: SD and email management. An email can be sent when motion is detected.

When a feature is enable or disabled, the ESP should be rebooted using Reboot ESP button.

Motion detection by Camera

An AVI recording can be generated by the camera itself detecting motion using the motionDetect.cpp file.
JPEG images of any size are retrieved from the camera and 1 in N images are sampled on the fly for movement by decoding them to very small grayscale bitmap images which are compared to the previous sample. The small sizes provide smoothing to remove artefacts and reduce processing time.

For movement detection a high sample rate of 1 in 2 is used. When movement has been detected, the rate for checking for movement stop is reduced to 1 in 10 so that the JPEGs can be captured with only a small overhead. The Detection time ms table shows typical time in millis to decode and analyse a frame retrieved from the OV2640 camera.

Motion detection by camera is enabled by default, to disable click off Enable motion detect button on web page.

Additional options are provided on the camera index page, where:

Motion Sensitivity sets a threshold for movement detection, higher is more sensitive.
Show Motion if enabled and the Start Stream button pressed, shows images of how movement is detected for calibration purposes. Gray pixels show movement, which turn to black if the motion threshold is reached.
Min Frames is the minimum number of frames to be captured or the file is deleted

Audio Recording

An I2S microphone can be supported, such as INMP441. PDM and analog microphones cannot be used due to limitations of I2S_NUM_1 peripheral. I2S_NUM_0 is not available as it is used by the camera. The audio is formatted as 16 bit single channel PCM with sample rate of 16kHz. The I2S microphone needs 3 free pins.

Audio recording works fine on ESP32S3 but is not viable on ESP32 as it significantly slows down the frame rate.

The web page has a slider for Microphone Gain. The higher the value the higher the gain. Selecting 0 cancels the microphone. Other settings under Peripherals button on the configuration web page.

OV5640

The OV5640 pinout is compatible with boards designed for the OV2640 but the voltage supply is too high for the internal 1.5V regulator, so the camera overheats unless a heat sink is applied.

For recording purposes the OV5640 should only be used with an ESP32S3 board. Motion detection above FHD framesize does not work due to esp_jpg_decode() decompression error.

Recordable frame rates for the OV5460 highest framesizes on an ESP32S3 are:

Frame Size	FPS
QXSGA	4
WQXGA	5
QXGA	5
QHD	6
FHD	6
P_FHD	6

The OV3660 has not been tested.

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