- Explain how to use Handlebars templates
- Describe Handlebars' built-in helpers (
ifandeach) - Practice writing a template using Handlebars
- Write a custom Handlebars helper
Templates are a powerful way to dynamically create HTML content without having to hand-build and concatenate strings of HTML and data values within your JavaScript code.
A good template engine will allow you to create HTML templates and insert placeholders for dynamic data in the least obtrusive way possible, separating the definition of the template from the consumption of it so that our code stays readable, maintainable, and well-organized.
Today we're going to work with Handlebars, which is a powerful template engine. We'll see how to render simple templates and also learn how Handlebars makes tasks like working with collections of data easier.
Let's jump right in and create a Handlebars template and render it to the page. Similar to some other template engines, we can define a Handlebars template inside of a <script> tag with a combination of regular HTML and Handlebars-specific delimiters.
In our index.html let's define a basic template to render a GitHub issue.
<!-- <body>... -->
<main id="main">
<a href="#" onclick="loadIssue();">Load GitHub Issue</a>
</main>
<script id="issue-template" type="text/x-handlebars-template">
<article>
<header><h3>Issue #{{number}} ({{state}})</h3></header>
<p>{{body}}</p>
<footer><a href="{{url}}">created {{created_at}}</a></footer>
</article>
</script>We have a script tag with an id and a type of text/x-handlebars-template. We need that type to be set for Handlebars to know what to do with this template, and we need to give it an id so that we can easily select it and get its innerHTML when we render it.
Inside the script tag, we have some pretty basic HTML for the most part, and then some variables marked by double curly brace delimiters, like {{state}}. What we're saying there is that, when we render this template, we're going to have a variable called state that we want to go in that spot.
//Flat-fact: Handlebars uses the curly brace as a delimiter because if you turn it sideways it looks like a mustache, and Handlebars.js is an extension of the Mustache template language. One need not grow a mustache to be an effective user of Handlebars, but if you're also hoping to be a legendary relief pitcher, it couldn't hurt.
Finally, we included a simple link to fire a loadIssue function that we'll use to render our template, so let's get into our index.js and create that function.
//index.js
function loadIssue() {
var issue = {
state: "closed",
number: 5,
created_at: "2016-03-31 16:23:13 UTC",
body: "Instructions say GET /team and POST /newteam. Rspec wants GET/newteam and POST/team."
}
var template = Handlebars.compile(document.getElementById("issue-template").innerHTML);
var result = template(issue);
document.getElementsByTagName("main")[0].innerHTML += result;
}We started by creating a simple issue object to hold our GitHub issue data. This will be used as the context, or argument of our Handlebars template. Note that the property names match the names of the variables in our template. This is crucial. If your context object properties don't match the template variables, you'll get unexpected results.
Next, we make a call to Handlebars.compile with the innerHTML of our template. This will "compile" the markup and delimiters as part of a function that we can call with our context to output a rendered HTML string, which is what's happening in var result = template(issue). If we had another issue object with different data, we could call template() again and get the same template rendered with the new data.
Finally, we're taking our rendered template and putting it back into our page so we can see it. If you load up your index.html page, you should be able to see this in action!
Already, Handlebars is giving us a powerful way to render templates with our data, but it offers a few more things that make it stand out even more.
Handlebars offers several built-in functions, or helpers, that provide easy ways to work with code inside our templates. We'll explore two of these helpers: if and each.
In the example above, we rendered a single issue to the page, but what if we have a whole collection of issues? Take a look inside issues.js and you'll see an array of about a thousand GitHub issues just waiting to be displayed on our issue-tracking page.
Now we could take this data and render it using a for loop. We already know that our template function can be reused with a different context object, so, if we modify index.js a little, we can render all our issues.
function loadIssue() {
var template = Handlebars.compile(document.getElementById("issue-template").innerHTML);
for(var i=0;i<issues.length;i++) {
var result = template(issues[i]);
document.getElementsByTagName("main")[0].innerHTML += result;
}
}Here, we're still compiling template the one time, then using it inside our loop to output to the DOM. If we reload index.html, it works (albeit a little slowly, perhaps).
There's a couple of problems with this approach. The first is that it was very slow. We're reallocating this result variable every time, then querying the DOM every time and adding to it every time through the loop.
The second problem is that we're doing the heavy-lifting of iterating over the collection ourselves, instead of letting our template do it for us. With just a few modifications, we can take advantage of the built-in each helper and let Handlebars worry about building out the collection.
First, let's alter the loadIssue function.
function loadIssues() {
var template = Handlebars.compile(document.getElementById("issue-template").innerHTML);
var result = template(issues);
document.getElementsByTagName("main")[0].innerHTML += result;
}Here we're just passing the whole issues array to template and rendering it all at once. Also note that we changed the function name to loadIssues. Since we're dealing with a collection of issues, it's a good practice to make the name plural. Don't forget to change it in index.html.
Now let's alter our template to handle the collection.
<main id="main">
<a href="#" onclick="loadIssues();">Load GitHub Issue</a>
</main>
<script id="issue-template" type="text/x-handlebars-template">
{{#each this}}
<article>
<header><h3>Issue #{{number}} ({{state}})</h3></header>
<p>{{body}}</p>
<footer><a href="{{url}}">created {{created_at}}</a></footer>
</article>
{{/each}}
</script>Did you change loadIssues?
Note the two new things in our template: {{#each this}} and {{/each}}. The # and / are needed because each is a block-level helper, so we have to start (#) and end (/) the block similar to open/close braces for a JavaScript block or open/close tags for HTML.
The each helper needs something to iterate on. In this case, we'll use this, because this is set to whatever the context object is when we call our template function. Here, it's an array of objects, so we're saying "this is an array, apply template to each item".
Nothing else to do here, since each item of the array still has the properties we used before. Let's reload index.html and see what happens.
Much faster, right? Taking advantage of the built-in each helper not only sped things up, but helped keep our code cleaner and easier to read.
Handlebars gives us another block helper for making decisions in our template - the if helper.
Looking at our issues.js, it seems like some of our issues have comments, and some do not. Let's conditionally display the number of comments if there are any. We'll use the if block helper.
<script id="issue-template" type="text/x-handlebars-template">
{{#each this}}
<article>
<header><h3>Issue #{{number}} ({{state}})</h3></header>
<p>{{body}}</p>
{{#if comments_count}}
<p>{{comments_count}} Comments</p>
{{else}}
<p>No Comments Yet</p>
{{/if}}
<footer><a href="{{url}}">created {{created_at}}</a></footer>
</article>
{{/each}}
</script>We added a block helper for {{#if comments_count}}. You'll notice this isn't a full expression like you might use in a regular if statement. You can only give if a value from the context object, and if that value evaluates falsy (false, undefined, null, 0, "", or []) then Handlebars won't render the block. In this case, since comments_count is an integer, we can rely on a zero-comments object not rendering this block.
The next thing to notice is that we provided an {{else}} to default to if there are no comments. We don't use the # for else, it only goes at the very beginning of the block.
For simple manipulation of the template based on truthy/falsy values, the if helper is your friend!
We've seen some built-in Handlebars helpers that give us easy ways to iterate collections and make simple display decisions, but what if we want to encapsulate some more complex display logic into a function to use in our template?
Handlebars allows us to create and register our own custom helpers for exactly this purpose.
Let's say we want to apply a different style to the issue body if the issue is closed versus open.
We could probably use that built-in if helper to draw out two different template styles, the more we litter our templates with decision-making logic, the less decoupled our presentation logic is from our data.
Also they just get ugly with a bunch of if statements all over the place.
Instead, we want to encapsulate that logic into a function that will allow us to use a helper in our template that will do the work for us.
We can use Handlebars.registerHelper to register our own helper for use in our template. Let's add one to our index.js above our loadIssues function.
Handlebars.registerHelper('comment_body', function() {
if(this.state === "closed") {
return new Handlebars.SafeString(this.body)
} else {
return new Handlebars.SafeString("<strong>" + this.body + "</strong>")
}
})
function loadIssues() {
//...
}We are telling Handlebars to register a helper called comment_body for our use. Inside, we have access to the same this as the template that calls the helper, in this case, it will be our issue context object.
Top-tip: You can also register a helper and pass a value to the function, if you aren't 100% sure you can safely use the context object.
We use Handlebars.SafeString to return a string that contains HTML so that HTML won't get escaped.
Then it's a simple matter of just wrapping this.body inside strong tags for unclosed issues, and we've created our first Handlebars helper!
Now to use it in our template:
<script id="issue-template" type="text/x-handlebars-template">
{{#each this}}
<article>
<header><h3>Issue #{{number}} ({{state}})</h3></header>
<p>{{comment_body}}</p>
{{#if comments_count}}
<p>{{comments_count}} Comments</p>
{{else}}
<p>No Comments Yet</p>
{{/if}}
<footer><a href="{{url}}">created {{created_at}}</a></footer>
</article>
{{/each}}
</script>Here we've simply replaced {{body}} with our helper, {{comment_body}}. Now if we reload our index.html and click our link, we should see closed issues with regular font and open issues with bold!
We've learned how to use Handlebars templates to render object, and collections of objects with the built-in each helper. We've made decisions on how to display things using the built-in if helper, and implemented and registered our own custom helper to move logic out of the template.
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