diablonova/mu6

Low-level esolang based on μ-recursive functions

μ6

This is an interpreter for μ6 - a programming language based on μ-recursive functions:

usage: mu6 (-h | -e expr | file) [-a] [-v] INPUTS
  -e    --expr       evaluate an expression
  -a    --ascii      set ascii mode
  -6    --heximal    take user input in heximal format
  -v    --verbose    treat source as ascii string
  -t    --translate  translate source code
  -m M  --modulus=M  operate in N/M
  -h    --help       print this help

Commands

Usually μ6 treats input as half-bytes where 0000 is used for padding source-code to bytes at the beginning, however you can also use ascii source code (-v flag):

half-byte	ascii	function
0000	0	digit 0
0001	1	digit 1
0010	2	digit 2
0011	3	digit 3
0100	4	digit 4
0101	5	digit 5
0110	[	begin of function composition
0111	]	end of function composition
1000	/	projection
1001	.	constant zero-function
1010	+	successor-function
1011	,	pairing-function
1100	<	left of pair or const
1101	>	right of pair or const
1110	#	primitive recursion
1111	@	μ-operator (minimisation)

Semantics

μ6 uses base6 integers in the source code and thus only needs digits 0-5, a program follows the following grammar:

PROGRAM  = FUNCTION [ INPUTS ]?

  NUMBER   = [ '0' .. '5' ]+

  INPUTS = NUMBER [ ',' NUMBER ]*

  FUNCTION = ATOM | PROJ | COMP | PRIM | MU

    ATOM = '.' | '+' | ',' | '<' | '>'
    PROJ = '/' NUMBER
    COMP = '[' FUNCTION FUNCTION* ']'
    PRIM = '#' FUNCTION FUNCTION
    MU   = '@' FUNCTION

For a program encoding the function FUNCTION with possibly constant inputs C0,..,CM, invoking mu6 program.mu in0 in1 .. inK will evaluate the μ-recursive function FUNCTION(C0,..,CM,in0,..,inK) and print the result.

μ-recursive functions

Usually these functions are N^n -> N, however a lot of interesting computations make use of the PAIR function which Goedel-encodes two integers. Since writing the encoding and decoding is tedious work μ6, provides three functions additional to the basic μ-recursive functions/operators:

• , takes the inputs and encodes them as a nested tuple
• < extracts the left element
• > extracts the right element

The remaining functions and operators work as usual:

• . constant zero function, returns 0 for any inputs
• + increments the first argument and returns the result
• /NUM evaluates to the NUMth element (0-indexed)
• [f g0..gN] evaluates to f(g0(x0..xK)...gN(x0..xK))
• #f g evaluates to f(x1..xK) if x0 = 0 and otherwise to g(x0-1,#f g(x0-1,x1..xK),x1..xK)
• @f evaluates to the first x such that f(x,x0..xK) == 0

Introduction to programming in μ6

Hello, World!

Let me introduce the pairing-function , and the -a flag: The pairing-function takes its arguments x0..xN and returns a nested tuple (x0,(..(x{N-1},xN)..)). So the program , called with inputs 1, 2 and 3 would evaluate to (1,(2,3)). If we call μ6 with the -a flag it will flatten the tuple and convert each number to an ASCII character. So , called with 102, 111, 111 (in base10) and the -a flag would print foo.

However instead of supplying user input we can also provide constant inputs (in base6) in the μ6-program itself:

,250,303,303

The first , is the μ6-program - simply encode the inputs as a tuple - and the remaining 250,303,303 are the constant inputs 102,111,111. So running that with the -a flag will also print foo.

Now we can use the same idea for printing Hello, World!:

,200,245,300,300,303,112,52,223,303,310,300,244,53

Addition

Let's start with a simple program that adds two numbers, for this we need to formulate a binary function that adds the arguments. We don't have an addition function yet, but adding n to a number is the same as incrementing the number n times, we can use this idea to formulate a program:

add( 0,x1) = x1
add(x0,x1) = add(x0-1,x1)

The addition function can be written in terms of primitive recursion:

add(x0,x1) = prim(project0, compose(succ,project1))

And as a μ6-program this would simply be:

#/0[+/1]