Output below from failure (I added some extra verbose messages to be sure what was causing it.)
MSFT_xComputer.psm1#L268 throws saying Exception calling "GetComputerDomain" with "0" argument(s): "The user name or password is incorrect."
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: LCM: [ Start Resource ] [[xComputer]DomainJoin]
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: LCM: [ Start Test ] [[xComputer]DomainJoin]
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: [[xComputer]DomainJoin] Validate desired Name is a valid name
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: [[xComputer]DomainJoin] Checking if computer name is SPFARM-SQL
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: [[xComputer]DomainJoin] Checking if the machine is a member of
contoso.local.
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: [[xComputer]DomainJoin] Exception calling "GetComputerDomain" with
"0" argument(s): "The user name or password is incorrect.
"
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: [[xComputer]DomainJoin] This machine is not a domain member.
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: [[xComputer]DomainJoin] The machine is not a domain member.
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: LCM: [ End Test ] [[xComputer]DomainJoin] in 0.0460 seconds.
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: LCM: [ Start Set ] [[xComputer]DomainJoin]
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: [[xComputer]DomainJoin] Exception calling "GetComputerDomain" with
"0" argument(s): "The user name or password is incorrect.
"
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: [[xComputer]DomainJoin] This machine is not a domain member.
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: [[xComputer]DomainJoin] Added computer to domain 'contoso.local.
Cannot add computer 'spfarm-sql' to domain 'contoso.local' because it is already in that domain.
+ CategoryInfo : InvalidOperation: (spfarm-sql:) [], CimException
+ FullyQualifiedErrorId : AddComputerToSameDomain,Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.AddComputerCommand
+ PSComputerName : localhost
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: LCM: [ End Set ] [[xComputer]DomainJoin] in 0.4220 seconds.
The PowerShell DSC resource MSFT_xComputer threw one or more non-terminating errors while running the
Set-TargetResource functionality. These errors are logged to the ETW channel called Microsoft-Windows-DSC/Operational.
Refer to this channel for more details.
+ CategoryInfo : InvalidOperation: (:) [], CimException
+ FullyQualifiedErrorId : NonTerminatingErrorFromProvider
+ PSComputerName : localhost
VERBOSE: [SPFARM-SQL]: [] Consistency check completed.
The SendConfigurationApply function did not succeed. LCM failed to start desired state configuration manually.
+ CategoryInfo : NotSpecified: (root/Microsoft/...gurationManager:String) [], CimException
+ FullyQualifiedErrorId : MI RESULT 1
+ PSComputerName : localhost
VERBOSE: Operation 'Invoke CimMethod' complete.
VERBOSE: Time taken for configuration job to complete is 8.012 seconds
PS C:\Users\localadmin> Update-DscConfiguration -Wait -Verbose
VERBOSE: Perform operation 'Invoke CimMethod' with following parameters, ''methodName' =