javascript-tutorial/zh-hant.javascript.info

Modern JavaScript Tutorial in Chinese Traditional

現代化 JavaScript 教程繁體中文版

這個 repository 存放網站 https://zh-hant.javascript.info 的繁體中文翻譯版

貢獻流程:

• 查看 繁體中文翻譯進度 issue (Chinese Traditional Translation Progress)。
• 選一篇 尚未 (正在/完成) 翻譯 的文章。
• 在 繁體中文翻譯進度 issue (Chinese Traditional Translation Progress) 底下留言該文章的標題，例如 An Introduction to JavaScript。
  • 記得你的留言內容只要留文章標題就好！ 。
  • Bot 將會在此 issue 內該篇文章之後標示你的 id，讓大家都知道你正在翻譯該文章。
  • Fork 此 repository，完成翻譯文章後發一個 PR。
  • PR 標題要與文章標題一致，bot 將會把該 PR 連結至 issue 之中。

請等待維護者審核，將會請你修改或合併你的翻譯。

如果維護者沒有回應，或是你想成為維護者之一，請至 主要 repository 聯繫。

讓其他人知道你正在翻譯這份教程，甚至可以邀請他們一起加入！

🎉 感激不盡！

你的名字和貢獻量將會在翻譯釋出後，出現在 "關於本計畫" 頁面上。

註：完整的多國語言翻譯列表可以在 https://javascript.info/translate 之中找到

文件結構

每個章節、文章、或課題都在專屬的檔案夾中。

該檔案夾會以 N-url 的方式命名，其中 N 代表序號 (文章有經過排序)，而 url 是該網站上對應的 URL-slug。

檔案夾中會有以下其中一種檔案：

• index.md 對應一個章節,
• article.md 對應一篇文章,
• task.md 對應一個課題 (若有解答就也會有 solution.md 這個檔案)

一個檔案將以 # 標題 開始，然後內文以類 Markdown 的格式用簡單編輯器即可編輯。

文章與課題需要的額外資源和範例也可以在同一個檔案夾中找到。

翻譯提示

請保持原始的斷行與段落，不要加入或移除任何行或段落，這將有助於整合未來英文版的改動。

如果你看到英文版可以加強的部分，很好，請送 PR 給英文版。

詞彙

• 一些特定的詞彙不需要翻譯，例如 "Function Declaration"。

• 其他詞彙像是 resolved promise, slash, regexp 等等，請先找找本 repository wiki 內的「英文－繁中」用語對照表是否已有對應的詞彙，若沒有近似的詞彙，則尋找其他教程 (如：MDN) 的翻譯。

• 專有詞彙翻譯完，在其後方空一格半形空白並補上原詞彙，例如：同源政策 (Same Origin Policy) 或轉譯 (transpile)，等等。

  • 若一篇文章出現兩次以上相同專有詞彙，則在第一次之後補上原詞彙即可。

• 若都無法找到對應的詞彙翻譯，請直接留下原文詞彙。

詞彙含義

在英文中很多詞彙有明顯的含義在內，但對於一個不瞭解英文的人來說，該含義會被忽略。

請謹記有必要時可以多加解釋或增加額外的翻譯，例如：

`ReadableStream` objects allows to read data chunk-by-chunk.

`ReadableStream` objects 允許一個個資料塊 (chunk) 地讀取資料

標點符號

• 本教程標點符號格式採用 此份指南，但雙引號 " 保留，不使用直角引號，破折號 -- 亦保留不使用全形。

• 資源連結、增強、斜體 和原文，都須 留下空白。

• 斜線號 / 較為特殊，若用於分隔兩同類型詞彙時，請維持半形斜線且兩側不加空白，但在詞彙們整體的前後要留一空白做分隔：

  • Increment/decrement can only be applied to variables.：遞增/遞減 只能被套用在變數上。
  • If the result of increment/decrement is not used, ...：如果 遞增/遞減 的結果沒被使用，...

• 英語一句話只能有一個逗號，但中文無此限制，可依據語氣通順程度將一些英文句點轉為逗號。

• 列舉項目後的文字須加句點。<- 像這樣

內文中的程式區塊

本翻譯教程以不翻譯語法和對應的圖片為原則。

• 只翻譯註解與範例字串
• 不要翻譯變數 (variables)、類別 (classes) 和識別符 (identifiers)
• 確保程式在翻譯後可以正確執行 :)

例如:

// Example
const text = "Hello, world";
document.querySelector('.hello').innerHTML = text;

✅ 請這樣翻 (翻譯註解):

// 範例
const text = 'Hello, world';
document.querySelector('.hello').innerHTML = text;

❌ 別翻成 (不要翻譯類別):

// 範例
const text = 'Hello, world';
// ".hello" 是一個類別
// 別翻成這樣
document.querySelector('.嗨').innerHTML = text;

請注意，有時候程式區塊之後會接著圖片，若你在程式區塊中翻譯了 Hello 成 嗨，那你必須也修改圖片中的字。

所以在這種情況下不翻譯該文字是更好的選擇。

外部連結

本翻譯教程以維持原本外部連結為原則。

但若一個外部連結是連到 Wikipedia，如：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript，且該文章有你使用語言的優良版本，可以將連結連到該版本。

例如:

[JavaScript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript) is a programming language.

✅ OK (en -> zh):

[JavaScript](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript) 是一種程式語言。

MDN 的連結可以使用部分翻譯的版本。

若一個外部連結的文章沒有翻譯過的版本，則維持原本連結。

詮釋資料

一些檔案，通常是課題，頂端會有 YAML 的詮釋資料 (metadata) 並以 --- 分隔：

importance: 5

---
...

請不要翻譯 "importance" (和其他放在頂端的詮釋資料)。

Anchors

有些標題接著 [#anchor]，如：

## Spread 運算子 [#spread-operator]

請不要翻譯或移除該 [#...] 部分，這是 URL anchors 用的。

本地運行

你可以在本地運行此教程的伺服器來看看翻譯得如何。

伺服器安裝指南請參考 https://github.com/javascript-tutorial/server

---

繁體中文版的維護者們（依帳號順序） 🚀

• Arvin Huang @arvin0731
• Jason Huang @kaddopur
• Len Chen @lenchen1112
• Tom Wu @tom76kimo

zh-hant.javascript.info's Issues

The selected translation title does not match the content, and the translation has been completed 選擇的翻譯標題與內容不相符，且該篇翻譯已被完成了

繁體中文翻譯進度 issue (Chinese Traditional Translation Progress) 中
標題 "Function expressions" ( in The JavaScript language > JavaScript Fundamentals >) 在文件中為 "15-function-expressions-arrows" 而且有翻譯過了，請問該如何下一步呢？

Looking for someone to take over this project

As all maintainers are too busy to continue on this project, we are looking for someone who can take over the project. Please leave a comment below or direct message to me if you got interested. Thanks!

Settings has been changed to default

@iliakan
We'd like to know is there any script that will revert our setting back to default cause we found that our settings was changed without notice.

We opened wiki and use squash merge in our repo but it was set back to default.

Do you have any idea about this?

Join member

Hi @iliakan,
Please help to join [email protected] as maintainer of this repo, which means join him into team translate-zh-hant cause we don't have permission to join outside member into it.
Many thanks.

Chinese Traditional Translation Progress

Maintainer List

@lenchen1112, @kaddopur, @tom76kimo, @ArvinH

For New Translators

Please read this first (click to open)

To translate an article:

1. Check that no one else has claimed your article in the checklist below.
2. Comment below with the title of the article that you would like to translate, exactly as listed, e.g. An Introduction to JavaScript.
   • Please take only one article at a time.
3. Fork this repo, translate the article in your fork and submit a pull request!
   • The pull request title should be same as the article, e.g. An Introduction to JavaScript (just like comment)

Please be prompt with your translations! If you find that you can't commit any more, let maintainers know so they can assign the page to someone else.

For Maintainers

Click to open

We recommend that a translation has 2 reviews to be merged.

Please let others know what you do, on community boards and chats, invite them to join. Translations become better if more people see them.

Translations are tracked below, like this:

• Home Page (@iliakan) #1

Our helpful bot watches comments and adds the translator nick and PR id, marks completed, when PR is merged. You can read the details at https://javascript.info/translate/bot.

If something doesn't work right, please contact @iliakan.

Team translation

More details about team translation: https://javascript.info/translate/bot.

Only maintainers can check/uncheck items below. If you're not, please write in a comment what you take to translate, the title, exactly as in the list.

The JavaScript language

An introduction

• An Introduction to JavaScript (@lenchen1112) #5
• Manuals and specifications (@tom76kimo) #24
• Code editors (@lenchen1112) #6
• Developer console (@lenchen1112) #7

JavaScript Fundamentals

• Hello, world! (@kaddopur) #28
• Code structure (@lenchen1112) #9
• The modern mode, "use strict" (@lenchen1112) #10
• Variables (@lenchen1112) #13
• Data types (@lenchen1112) #14
• Interaction: alert, prompt, confirm (@lenchen1112) #25
• Type Conversions (@lenchen1112) #16
• Basic operators, maths (@nk980113)
• Comparisons (@ArvinH) #32
• Conditional branching: if, '?'
• Logical operators (@lenchen1112) #30
• Nullish coalescing operator '??' (@heidiliu2020)
• Loops: while and for (@lenchen1112) #34
• The "switch" statement (@kaddopur)
• Functions (@lenchen1112) #38
• Function expressions (@ArvinH ) #39
• Arrow functions, the basics (@ArvinH ) #39
• JavaScript specials (@ArvinH) #37

Code quality

• Debugging in the browser
• Coding Style (@lenchen1112) #43
• Comments (@lenchen1112) #44
• Ninja code (@lenchen1112) #49
• Automated testing with Mocha (@lenchen1112) #50
• Polyfills and transpilers

Objects: the basics

• Objects (@lenchen1112) #52
• Object references and copying
• Garbage collection (@lenchen1112) #55
• Object methods, "this" (@lenchen1112) #56
• Constructor, operator "new" (@lenchen1112) #59
• Optional chaining '?.'
• Symbol type (@ArvinH) #66
• Object to primitive conversion (@lenchen1112) #57

Data types

• Methods of primitives (@lenchen1112) #60
• Numbers (@lenchen1112) #62
• Strings (@oooooo)
• Arrays (@lenchen1112) #63
• Array methods (@ArvinH)
• Iterables (@lenchen1112)
• Map and Set (@fixiabis) #138
• WeakMap and WeakSet (@ArvinH) #67
• Object.keys, values, entries (@fixiabis) #142
• Destructuring assignment (@fixiabis) #143
• Date and time (@douglas06mp) #175
• JSON methods, toJSON

Advanced working with functions

• Recursion and stack (@learningstud)
• Rest parameters and spread syntax (@AndreaFan123)
• Variable scope, closure (@yung0512)
• The old "var" (@AndreaFan123)
• Global object (@AndreaFan123)
• Function object, NFE (@AndreaFan123)
• The "new Function" syntax
• Scheduling: setTimeout and setInterval
• Decorators and forwarding, call/apply
• Function binding
• Arrow functions revisited

Object properties configuration

• Property flags and descriptors
• Property getters and setters

Prototypes, inheritance

• Prototypal inheritance
• F.prototype
• Native prototypes
• Prototype methods, objects without proto

Classes

• Class basic syntax
• Class inheritance
• Static properties and methods
• Private and protected properties and methods
• Extending built-in classes
• Class checking: "instanceof"
• Mixins

Error handling

• Error handling, "try...catch"
• Custom errors, extending Error

Promises, async/await

• Introduction: callbacks (@LegendaryIn) #101
• Promise (@douglas06mp)
• Promises chaining
• Error handling with promises
• Promise API
• Promisification
• Microtasks
• Async/await

Generators, advanced iteration

• Generators
• Async iteration and generators

Modules

• Modules, introduction (@codemee)
• Export and Import
• Dynamic imports

Miscellaneous

• Proxy and Reflect
• Eval: run a code string
• Currying
• Reference Type
• BigInt (@fixiabis) #136
• Unicode, String internals

Browser: Document, Events, Interfaces

Document

• Browser environment, specs
• DOM tree
• Walking the DOM
• Searching: getElement*, querySelector*
• Node properties: type, tag and contents
• Attributes and properties
• Modifying the document
• Styles and classes
• Element size and scrolling
• Window sizes and scrolling
• Coordinates

Introduction to Events

• Introduction to browser events
• Bubbling and capturing
• Event delegation
• Browser default actions
• Dispatching custom events

UI Events

• Mouse events
• Moving the mouse: mouseover/out, mouseenter/leave
• Drag'n'Drop with mouse events
• Pointer events
• Keyboard: keydown and keyup
• Scrolling

Forms, controls

• Form properties and methods
• Focusing: focus/blur
• Events: change, input, cut, copy, paste
• Forms: event and method submit

Document and resource loading

• Page: DOMContentLoaded, load, beforeunload, unload
• Scripts: async, defer
• Resource loading: onload and onerror

Miscellaneous

• Mutation observer
• Selection and Range
• Event loop: microtasks and macrotasks

Frames and windows

• Popups and window methods
• Cross-window communication
• The clickjacking attack

Binary data, files

• ArrayBuffer, binary arrays
• TextDecoder and TextEncoder
• Blob
• File and FileReader

Network requests

• Fetch
• FormData
• Fetch: Download progress
• Fetch: Abort
• Fetch: Cross-Origin Requests
• Fetch API
• URL objects
• XMLHttpRequest
• Resumable file upload
• Long polling
• WebSocket
• Server Sent Events

Storing data in the browser

• Cookies, document.cookie
• LocalStorage, sessionStorage
• IndexedDB

Animation

• Bezier curve
• CSS-animations
• JavaScript animations

Web components

• From the orbital height
• Custom elements
• Shadow DOM
• Template element
• Shadow DOM slots, composition
• Shadow DOM styling
• Shadow DOM and events

Regular expressions

• Patterns and flags (@fixiabis) #135
• Character classes
• Unicode: flag "u" and class \p{...}
• Anchors: string start ^ and end $
• Multiline mode of anchors ^ $, flag "m"
• Word boundary: \b
• Escaping, special characters
• Sets and ranges [...]
• Quantifiers +, *, ? and {n}
• Greedy and lazy quantifiers
• Capturing groups
• Backreferences in pattern: \N and \k<name>
• Alternation (OR) |
• Lookahead and lookbehind
• Catastrophic backtracking
• Sticky flag "y", searching at position
• Methods of RegExp and String

Is this repo still alive?

Weeks ago I made some contribution that wait for be reviewed.
But it looks like nobody care this repo.

bot parsing error?

@iliakan
It seems like there are some parsing errors of bot in #1 and #14 .
Could you please check on them? Thanks.

Permission again..

@iliakan
Sorry our team member changes the permission again by accident. Please help to modify permission back to admin again. I will told them not to touch settings.

permission about team translate-zh-hant

@iliakan
Sorry that I accidentally change permission of team translate-zh-hant about this repository to be write only. Could you help to set permission back to admin?
Many thanks.

Pull Panda

@ArvinH requested an install. I approved it, but does it need some settings?

Maybe I should have refused to install it?

有一些用語可以改進

教程 => 教學
運行 => 執行 / 運作

request to change settings

hi @iliakan
We'd like to change settings of wiki and ordinary merge as follow:

has_wiki:           true,
allow_merge_commit: false,

so the entire setting of our repo should be:

{
  has_projects:       false,
  has_wiki:           true,
  homepage:           `https://javascript.info`,
  allow_merge_commit: false,
  allow_squash_merge: true,
  allow_rebase_merge: false
}

Please help to modify them.
Many thanks.

public prerequisites

@iliakan
We'd like to know under what conditions can we release our version to public?

test issue

foo bar baz