learn-co-students/programming-univbasics-4-looping-with-arrays-dc-web-030920

Looping with Arrays

Learning Goals

• Use arrays to loop a specific number of times
• Access each element in an array programmatically

Introduction

Arrays are often used to hold collections of related values. However, the power of arrays is made much clearer when we can work with all the data they contain.

So far, we've learned how to add and remove values from arrays, as well as access and change specific values. It is time to start putting arrays to work. So far, we've been working on arrays that we can see ahead of time.

pets = ["Dog", "Cat", "Fish", "Bird"]

Above, we can see what elements are present and what order they are in. However, as we build more complex projects, we will start to run into situations where we have to handle an array that we don't know the contents of or how many elements there actually are inside!

We need to take a programmatic approach to this. We previously brought up the concept of abstracting code - that is, writing code that moves away from concrete details in favor of a reusable, generalized process.

In this lesson, we're going to discuss one of the most common ways to handle arrays abstractly - we will be using loops to access their elements.

Hard-Coding Array Output

Let's consider the pets example a little further.

pets = ["Dog", "Cat", "Fish", "Bird"]

Say we wanted to output each element in the pets array. We could write:

puts pets[0] #=> Dog
puts pets[1] #=> Cat
puts pets[2] #=> Fish
puts pets[3] #=> Bird

This works, but it is what programmers refer to as hard-coded. Hard-code is code that is fixed in place. The above statements all rely on the assumption that the pets array is going to be four elements long. If we modified the pets array, say we want to add an additional pet, the hamster. We go ahead and add "Hamster" to our array:

pets << "Hamster"

But now, if we want to output hamster, we also have to add an additional puts statement:

puts pets[4] #=> Hamster

Without this addition, Hamster would never be output to the terminal. Every change we make to the pets array would require an additional modification to our code. In a complex program, this can quickly become a major headache.

By using a loop, however, we can abstract away the need for additional modifications.

Abstracting Array Output

Given our pets array, it would be great to simply say "for every element in this array, output the element to the terminal." This way, even if the array changed, we'd always output each and every element.

With loops, we can do this! A very basic example would be a while loop with a counter:

counter = 0
pets = ["Dog", "Cat", "Fish", "Bird", "Hamster"]

while pets[counter] do
  puts pets[counter]
  counter += 1
end

The above code outputs:

Dog
Cat
Fish
Bird
Hamster

So what is happening here? Remember that Ruby considers nil to be a falsy value. If we step through this loop, we can see why this works.

1. When the Ruby interpreter first gets to the while loop, counter is equal to 0, so pets[0] returns "Dog". Because "Dog" is a truthy value, the loop executes and pets[0] is output to the terminal. Then, counter is incremented by 1.

2. When the first loop completes, Ruby checks the condition for the while loop again. This time, counter is equal to 1. pets[1] returns "Cat", causing the loop to execute again, outputting pets[1] and incrementing counter.

3. On the third, fourth and fifth loops, the same things occurs. pets[2] returns "Fish", pets[3] returns "Bird", and pets[4] returns "Hamster". All three are then output to the terminal.

4. On the last loop, counter is incremented to 5. However, there is no sixth element in the array, so pets[5] returns nil. This stops the while loop.

With this set up, no matter how long or short the pets array is, the loop will output each element! We've built a pet printer that works no matter how many pets are in our pets array!

We could go further than this, though, by placing our while loop in a method. Instead of just a pet printer, we can turn this code into an all purpose element printer:

def output_array_elements(array)
  counter = 0

  while array[counter] do
    puts array[counter]
    counter += 1
  end
end

Now, we could still use this for pets and get the same results:

pets = ["Dog", "Cat", "Fish", "Bird", "Hamster"]
output_array_elements(pets)

But we could also use output_array_elements with all kinds of arrays!

output_array_elements(["hello", "how are you?", "goodbye!"])

The above code would produce:

hello
how are you?
goodbye!

Looping Using the Array Length Method

An common alternative to the previous example is to utilize the methods built in to the Ruby Array class. Specifically, in these situations, we want to loop as many times are there are elements. To find out how many elements are in an array, we can use the length method:

array = ["Spring", "Summer", "Fall", "Winter"]
array.length
#=> 4

Note: Ruby arrays also have methods called size and count that all perform the same function - return the number of elements in the array.

Now that we can get the length, we would want to structure our loop so that we compare the value of counter with this length value. Updating the method from the previous section, this might look something like:

def output_array_elements(array)
  counter = 0

  while counter < array.length do
    puts array[counter]
    counter += 1
  end
end

As long as counter is less than the return value of array.length, the loop will execute.

Iteration

Using a loop to access each element in an array is very common in programming and is generally referred to as iteration. We iterate over each element, in these examples, printing out the values. In other examples, we might want to iterate over an array and update each element's value. If the values were numbers, we could do things like sum all the values together using while loops and basic iteration.

Conclusion

Loops are a powerful tool for working with arrays. With just a small amount of code, we perform operations on every element in an array, regardless of how many elements there are!

Resources

• while loops