[1] Sir Isaac Newton
Birth: Dec. 25, 1642 [Jan. 4, 1643, New Style], Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England
Death: March 20 [March 31], 1727, London
Known for: the Newtonian Revolution
[2] Albert Einstein
Birth: March 14, 1879, Ulm, Wurttemberg, Germany
Death: April 18, 1955, Princeton, N.J., U.S.
Known for: Twentieth-Century Science
[3] Niels Bohr
Birth: Oct. 7, 1885, Copenhagen, Denmark
Death: Nov. 18, 1962, Copenhagen
Known for: the Atom
[4] Charles Darwin
Birth: Feb. 12, 1809, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
Death: April 19, 1882, Downe, Kent
Known for: Evolution
[5] Louis Pasteur
Birth: Dec. 27, 1822, Dole, France
Death: Sept. 28, 1895, Saint-Cloud, near Paris
Known for: the Germ Theory of Disease
[6] Sigmund Freud
Birth: May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia, Austrian Empire [now Přibor, Czech Republic]
Death: Sept. 23, 1939, London, England
Known for: Psychology of the Unconscious
[7] Galileo Galilei
Birth: Feb. 15, 1564, Pisa [Italy]
Death: Jan. 8, 1642, Arcetri, near Florence
Known for: the New Science
Birth: Aug. 26, 1743, Paris, France
Death: May 8, 1794, Paris
Known for: the Revolution in Chemistry
[9] Johannes Kepler
Birth: Dec. 27, 1571, Weil der Stadt, Wurttemberg [Germany]
Death: Nov. 15, 1630, Regensburg
Known for: Motion of the Planets
[10] Nicolaus Copernicus
Birth: Feb. 19, 1473, Toruń, Poland
Death: May 24, 1543, Frauenburg, East Prussia [now Frombork, Poland]
Known for: the Heliocentric Universe
[11] Michael Faraday
Birth: Sept. 22, 1791, Newington, Surrey, England
Death: Aug. 25, 1867, Hampton Court
Known for: the Classical Field Theory
[12] James Clerk Maxwell
Birth: June 13, 1831, Edinburgh, Scotland
Death: Nov. 5, 1879, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England
Known for: the Electromagnetic Field
[13] Claude Bernard
Birth: July 12, 1813, Saint-Julien
Death: February. 10, 1878, Paris
Known for: the Founding of Modern Physiology
[14] Franz Boas
Birth: July 9, 1858, Minden, Westphalia, Germany
Death: December 21, 1942, New York, U.S
Known for: Modern Anthropology
[15] Werner Heisenberg
Birth: December, 1901, Würzburg, Bavaria, German Empire
Death: 1 February 1976, Munich, Bavaria, West Germany
Known for: Quantum Theory
[16] Linus Pauling
Birth: Feb. 28, 1901, Portland, Ore., U.S.
Death: Aug. 19, 1994, Big Sur, California
Known for: Twentieth-Century Chemistry
[17] Erwin Schrodinger
Birth: Aug. 12, 1887, Vienna, Austria
Death: Jan. 4, 1961, Vienna
Known for: Wave Mechanics
[18] John James Audubon
Birth: April 26, 1785, Les Cayes, Saint-Domingue, West Indies [now in Haiti]
Death: Jan. 27, 1851, New York, N.Y., U.S.
Known for: drawings and paintings of North American birds
[19] Ernest Rutherford
Birth: Aug. 30, 1871, Spring Grove, N.Z.
Death: Oct. 19, 1937, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England
Known for: the Structure of the Atom
[20] Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
Birth: Aug. 8, 1902, Bristol, Gloucestershire, England
Death: Oct. 20, 1984, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
Known for: Quantum Electrodynamics
[21] Andreas Vesalius
Birth: Dec. 1514, Brussels [now in Belgium]
Death: June 1564, island of Zacynthus, Republic of Venice [now in Greece]
Known for: the New Anatomy
[22] Tycho Brahe
Birth: Dec. 14, 1546, Knudstrup, Scania, Denmark
Death: Oct. 24, 1601, Prague
Known for: the New Astronomy
[23] Comte de Buffon
Birth: September 07, 1707, Montbard, Burgundy, France
Death: April 16, 1788, Paris, France
Known for: l'Histoire Naturelle
[24] Ludwig Boltzmann
Birth: February 20, 1844, Vienna, Austrian Empire (present-day Austria)
Death: September 5, 1906, Tybein near Trieste, Austria-Hungary [present-day Duino, Italy]
Known for: Thermodynamics
[25] Max Planck
Birth: April 23, 1858, Kiel, Schleswig [Germany]
Death: Oct. 4, 1947, Göttingen, West Germany
Known for: the Quanta
[26] Marie Curie
Birth: Nov. 7, 1867, Warsaw, Poland, Russian Empire
Death: July 4, 1934, near Sallanches, France
Known for: Radioactivity
[27] Sir William Herschel
Birth: Nov. 15, 1738, Hanover, Germany
Death: Aug. 25, 1822, Slough, Buckinghamshire, England
Known for: Sidereal astronomy
[28] Charles Lyell
Birth: Nov. 14, 1797, Kinnordy, Forfarshire, Scotland
Death: Feb. 22, 1875, London, England
Known for: Modern Geology
Birth: March 23, 1749, Beaumount-en-Auge, Normandy, France
Death: March 5, 1827, Paris
Known for: Black hole, Nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system
[30] Edwin Powell Hubble
Birth: Nov. 20, 1889, Marshfield, Mo., U.S.
Death: Sept. 28, 1953, San Marino, California
Known for: Extragalactic astronomy
[31] Joseph J. Thomson
Birth: December 18, 1856, Cheetham Hill, Manchester, Lancashire, England, United Kingdom
Death: August 30, 1940, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, UK
Known for: the Discovery of the Electron
[32] Max Born
Birth: December 11, 1882, Breslau, German Empire
Death: January 5, 1970, Göttingen, West Germany
Known for: Quantum Mechanics
[33] Francis Harry Compton Crick
Birth: June 8, 1916, Northampton, Northamptonshire, England
Death: July 28, 2004, San Diego, Calif., U.S.
Known for: Molecular Biology
[34] Enrico Fermi
Birth: Sept. 29, 1901, Rome, Italy
Death: Nov. 28, 1954, Chicago, Ill., U.S.
Known for: Statistical mechanics
[35] Leonhard Euler
Birth: April 15, 1707, Basel, Switzerland
Death: September 18, 1783, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Known for: Eighteenth-Century Mathematics
[36] Justus Liebig
Birth: May 12, 1803, Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse
Death: April 18, 1873, Munich, German Empire
Known for: Nineteenth-Century Chemistry
Birth: December 28, 1882, Kendal, Westmorland, England
Death: November 22, 1944, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England
Known for: Modern astronomy
[38] William Harvey
Birth: April 1, 1578, Folkestone, Kent, England
Death: June 3, 1657, London
Known for: Circulation of the Blood
[39] Marcello Malpighi
Birth: 1628
Death: 1694
Known for: Microscopic Anatomy
[40] Christiaan Huygens
Birth: 1629
Death: 1695
Known for: the Wave Theory of Light
[41] Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
Birth: April 30, 1777, Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empire
Death: February 23, 1855, Göttingen, Kingdom of Hanover
Known for: Number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, mechanics, electrostatics, astronomy, matrix theory & optics
[42] Albrecht von Haller
Birth: October 16, 1708, Bern, Swiss Confederacy
Death: December 12, 1777, Bern, Swiss Confederacy
Known for: Eighteenth-Century Medicine
[43] Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz
Birth: September 7, 1829, Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse
Death: July 13, 1896, Bonn, German Empire
Known for: Theory of chemical structure, tetravalence of carbon, structure of benzene
[44] Robert Koch
Birth: Dec. 11, 1843, Clausthal, Hannover [now Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany]
Death: May 27, 1910, Baden-Baden, Germany
Known for: Bacteriology
[45] Murray Gell-Mann
Birth: September 15, 1929, Manhattan, New York City, United States
Known for: Gell-Mann and Low theorem, Elementary particles, quarks, Gell-Mann matrices
[46] Hermann Emil Louis Fischer
Birth: October 09, 1852, Euskirchen, Rhine Province
Death: July 15, 1919, Berlin, Germany
Known for: Organic Chemistry
[47] Dmitri Mendeleev
Birth: Jan. 27 [Feb. 8, New Style], 1834, Tobolsk, Siberia, Russian Empire
Death: Jan. 20 [Feb. 2], 1907, St. Petersburg, Russia
Known for: the Periodic Table of Elements
[48] Sheldon Glashow
Birth: December 5, 1932, New York City, New York, USA
Known for: Electroweak theory & Georgi–Glashow model
[49] James Dewey Watson
Birth: April 6, 1928, Chicago, Illinois, U.S
Known for: the Structure of DNA
[50] John Bardeen
Birth: May 23, 1908, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S
Death: Jan. 30, 1991, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
Known for: Superconductivity & BCS theory
[51] John von Neumann
Birth: December 28, 1903, Budapest, Austria-Hungary
Death: February 8, 1957, Walter Reed General Hospital Washington, D.C.
Known for: the Modern Computer
[52] Richard P. Feynman
Birth: May 11, 1918, New York, N.Y., U.S.
Death: Feb. 15, 1988, Los Angeles, California
Known for: Quantum Electrodynamics
Birth: Nov. 1, 1880, Berlin, Germany
Death: Nov. 1930, Greenland
Known for: Continental Drift
[54] Stephen W. Hawking
Birth: Jan. 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
Known for: Quantum Cosmology
Birth: Oct. 24, 1632, Delft, Neth.
Death: Aug. 26, 1723, Delft
Known for: the Simple Microscope
[56] Max von Laue
Birth: Oct. 09, 1879, Pfaffendorf, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Death: April 24, 1960, West Berlin
Known for: X-ray Crystallography
[57] Gustav Kirchhoff
Birth: March 12, 1824, Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia [present-day Russia]
Death: October 17, 1887, Berlin, Prussia, German Empire [present-day Germany]
Known for: Kirchhoff’s circuit laws, Kirchhoff's laws of spectroscopy, Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry & Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
[58] Hans Bethe
Birth: July 2, 1906, Strassburg, Ger. [now Strasbourg, France]
Death: March 6, 2005, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.
Known for: the Energy of the Sun
[59] Euclid
Known for: the Foundations of Mathematics
[60] Gregor Mendel
Birth: July 22, 1822, Heinzendorf, Austria [now Hynčice, Czech Rep.]
Death: Jan. 6, 1884, Brünn, Austria-Hungary [now Brno, Czech Rep.]
Known for: the Laws of Inheritance
Birth: September 21, 1853, Groningen, Netherlands
Death: February 21, 1926, Leiden, Netherlands
Known for: Superconductivity, Onnes-effect &Virial Equation of State
[62] Thomas Hunt Morgan
Birth: September 25, 1866, Lexington, Kentucky
Death: December 04, 1945, Pasadena, California
Known for: the Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
Birth: August 31, 1821, Potsdam, Kingdom of Prussia
Death: September 08, 1894, Charlottenburg, German Empire
Known for: the Rise of German Science
[64] Paul Ehrlich
Birth: March 14, 1854, Strehlen, Lower Silesia, German Kingdom of Prussia
Death: August 20, 1915, Bad Homburg, Hesse, Germany
Known for: Chemotherapy
[65] Ernst Walter Mayr
Birth: July 05, 1904, Kempten, Germany
Death: February 03, 2005, Bedford, Massachusetts, United States
Known for: Evolutionary Theory
[66] Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky
Birth: January 25, 1900, Nemyriv, Russian Empire
Death: December 18, 1975, San Jacinto, California, United States
Known for: the Modern Synthesis
[67] Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück
Birth: September 04, 1906, Berlin, German Empire
Death: March 9, 1981, Pasadena, California, United States
Known for: the Bacteriophage
[68] Charles Scott Sherrington
Birth: November 27, 1857, Islington, Middlesex, England
Death: March 04, 1952, Eastbourne, Sussex, England
Known for: Neurophysiology
Birth: August 01, 1744, Bazentin, Picardy, France
Death: December 18, 1829, Paris, France
Known for: the Foundations of Biology
[70] William Bayliss
Birth: May 2, 1860, Wednesbury, Staffordshire, England
Death: August 27, 1924, London, England
Known for: Modern Physiology
[71] John Dalton
Birth: Sept. 5 or 6, 1766, Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England
Death: July 27, 1844, Manchester
Known for: the Theory of the Atom
[72] Frederick Sanger
Birth: August 13, 1918, Rendcomb, Gloucestershire, England
Death: November 19, 2013, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England
Known for: the Genetic Code
Birth: August 15, 1892, Dieppe, France
Death: March 19, 1987, Louveciennes, France
Known for: Wave/Particle Duality
[74] Carl Linnaeus
Birth: May 23, 1707, Råshult, Stenbrohult parish (now within Älmhult Municipality), Sweden
Death: January 10, 1778, Hammarby (estate), Danmark parish (outside Uppsala), Sweden
Known for: the Binomial Nomenclature
Birth: April 22, 1904, New York, N.Y., U.S.
Death: Feb. 18, 1967, Princeton, N.J.
Known for: the Atomic Era
[76] Sir Alexander Fleming
Birth: Aug. 6, 1881, Lochfield Farm, Darvel, Ayrshire, Scotland
Death: March 11, 1955, London, England
Known for: Penicillin
[77] Jonas Edward Salk
Birth: October 28, 1914, New York
Death: June 23, 1995, La Jolla, California, United States
Known for: Vaccination
[78] Robert Boyle
Birth: Jan. 25, 1627, Lismore Castle, County Waterford, Ireland
Death: Dec. 31, 1691, London, England
Known for: Boyle's law
[79] Francis Galton
Birth: Feb. 16, 1822, near Sparkbrook, Birmingham, Warwickshire, England
Death: Jan. 17, 1911, Grayshott House, Haslemere, Surrey
Known for: Eugenics
[80] Joseph Priestley
Birth: March 13, 1733, Birstall Fieldhead, near Leeds, Yorkshire [now West Yorkshire], England
Death: Feb. 6, 1804, Northumberland, Pa., U.S.
Known for: Discovery of oxygen
[81] Hippocrates
Known for: Medicine
[82] Pythagoras
Known for: Pythagorean Theorem
[83] Benjamin Franklin
Birth: January 17, 1706, Boston, Massachusetts Bay, British America
Death: April 17, 1790, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Known for: Electricity
[84] Leonardo da Vinci
Birth: April 15, 1452, Anchiano, near Vinci, Republic of Florence [now in Italy]
Death: May 2, 1519, Cloux [now Clos-Luce], France
Known for: Mechanics and Cosmology
[85] Ptolemy
Known for: Greco-Roman science
Birth: Dec. 6, 1778, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, France
Death: May 9, 1850, Paris
Known for: Behavior of gases
[87] Archimedes
Known for: the Beginning of Science
[88] Sir Fred Hoyle
Birth: June 24, 1915, Bingley, Yorkshire [now West Yorkshire], England
Death: Aug. 20, 2001, Bournemouth, Dorset
Known for: Stellar nucleosynthesis
Birth: March 25, 1914, Cresco, Iowa, U.S.
Known for: Green revolution
[90] Amedeo Avogadro
Birth: Aug. 9, 1776, Turin, in the Kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont
Death: July 9, 1856, Turin, Italy
Known for: Molecular Hypothesis of Combining Gases
[91] Luis W. Alvarez
Birth: June 13, 1911, San Francisco, Calif., U.S.
Death: Sept. 1, 1988, Berkeley, California
Known for: discovery of many resonance particles (subatomic particles having extremely short lifetimes and occurring only in high-energy nuclear collisions)
[92] George Gamow
Birth: March 4, 1904, Odessa, Russian Empire [now in Ukraine]
Death: Aug. 19, 1968, Boulder, Colo., U.S.
Known for: Big Bang Hypothesis
[93] Francis Collins
Birth: April 14, 1950, Staunton, Va., U.S.
Known for: Human Genome Project
Birth: Dec. 19, 1852, Strelno, Prussia [now Strzelno, Pol.]
Death: May 9, 1931, Pasadena, Calif., U.S.
Known for: Establishment of the speed of light as a fundamental Constant
[95] Rachel Carson
Birth: May 27, 1907, Springdale, Pa., U.S.
Death: April 14, 1964, Silver Spring, Md.
Known for: Environmental pollution and the natural history of the sea
[96] Joseph Lister
Birth: April 5, 1827, Upton, Essex, England
Death: Feb. 10, 1912, Walmer, Kent
Known for: antiseptic medicine
[97] Louis Agassiz
Birth: May 28, 1807, Motier, Switz.
Death: Dec. 14, 1873, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.
Known for: Natural science
[98] André-Marie Ampère
Birth: Jan. 22, 1775, Lyon, France
Death: June 10, 1836, Marseille
Known for: Electrodynamics
[99] Paracelsus
Birth: Nov. 11 or Dec. 17, 1493, Einsiedeln, Switzerland
Death: Sept. 24, 1541, Salzburg, Archbishopric of Salzburg [now in Austria]
Known for: Der grossen Wundartzney ("Great Surgery Book")
[100] Edward O. Wilson
Birth: April 15, 1452, Anchiano, near Vinci, Republic of Florence [now in Italy]
Death: June 10, 1929, Birmingham, Ala., U.S.
Known for: Sociobiology
22 Scientific Biographies that will leave you Enlightened and Inspired:
- Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time
- STEPHEN HAWKING: A Life in Science
- An Appetite for Wonder: The Making of a Scientist
- Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science
- The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
- Einstein: His Life and Universe
- Ernest Rutherford: And the Explosion of Atoms
- Galileo Galilei: First Physicist
- Galileo's Daughter
- Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman
- Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect
- The Life and Work of J. B. S. Haldane
- How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence
- My Stroke of Insight: A Brain Scientist's Personal Journey
- The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind: Creating Currents of Electricity and Hope
- Madame Curie: A Biography
- The Life of James Clerk Maxwell: With Selections from His Correspondence and Occasional Writings
- Steve Jobs
- The Immortal life of Henrietta Lacks
- The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
- The Last Lecture
- Wings of Fire: An Autobiography of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
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