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TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that compiles to clean JavaScript output.

Home Page: https://www.typescriptlang.org

License: Apache License 2.0

JavaScript 0.16% TypeScript 99.84% Shell 0.01% Dockerfile 0.01%
typescript javascript language typechecker

typescript's Introduction

TypeScript

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TypeScript is a language for application-scale JavaScript. TypeScript adds optional types to JavaScript that support tools for large-scale JavaScript applications for any browser, for any host, on any OS. TypeScript compiles to readable, standards-based JavaScript. Try it out at the playground, and stay up to date via our blog and Twitter account.

Find others who are using TypeScript at our community page.

Installing

For the latest stable version:

npm install -D typescript

For our nightly builds:

npm install -D typescript@next

Contribute

There are many ways to contribute to TypeScript.

This project has adopted the Microsoft Open Source Code of Conduct. For more information see the Code of Conduct FAQ or contact [email protected] with any additional questions or comments.

Documentation

Roadmap

For details on our planned features and future direction, please refer to our roadmap.

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typescript's Issues

[Errors] break/continue outside iteration/switch statements

var x = 1;
break;
continue;

Expected:
'break' statement can only be used within an enclosing iteration or switch statement.
'continue' statement can only be used within an enclosing iteration statement.

Actual: no error
Error must be syntactic.

Suggestion: typechecking of 'this' context

A common error in TypeScript is to lose the this context, especially in class situations:

class MyClass {
    x = 4;
    printX() { console.log(this.x); }
}
var m = new MyClass();
window.setInterval(m.printX, 1000); // Prints 'undefined', not '4'

The compiler should detect when this happens and issue an error:

var m = new MyClass();
// Error, `this` context might be lost
window.setInterval(m.printX, 1000);

We need a proposal here that determines why this would be an error, in a way that is not burdensome. For example, we do want it to be valid to call e.g. function#bind on m.printX, and it should probably valid to write something like if(m.printX) { m.printX() }.

This gets even trickier when we look at the members of window -- some of them can be invoked with any this, but others cannot. It should be possible to describe these differences.

Suggestion: typechecking for asm.js

Support detecting "use asm" directives and change type inference and operator rules accordingly

"use asm";
var x = 0; // x: int
var y = 0.0: // y: float
var z = (x + y) | 0; // z: int
z = 0.4; // Error, cannot convert float to int

We would need a complete set of type rules for this.

[Errors] _this in reserved positions

//==== tests/cases/compiler/collisionThisExpressionAndAliasInGlobal.ts (1 errors) ====
module a {
   export var b = 10;
}
var f = () => this;
import _this = a; // Error
//!!! Duplicate identifier '_this'. Compiler uses variable declaration '_this' to capture 'this' reference.

Expected: errors as above
Actual: no errors

Similar but different error:

//==== tests/cases/compiler/collisionThisExpressionAndAmbientClassInGlobal.ts (1 errors) ====
declare class _this { // no error - as no code generation
}
var f = () => this;
var a = new _this(); // Error
//!!! Expression resolves to variable declaration '_this' that compiler uses to capture 'this' reference.

Look-ahead for arrow function expressions too permissive when encountering "()"

When encountering code like

().toString();

We make a strange assumption, which is that the () belongs to an arrow function like the following:

() => x

This is weird because it bubbles up to nothing better than the error

Cannot find name 'toString'.

In this case, we should check to see if the next token is an arrow (=>).

Suggestion: 'protected' modifier

General proposal

protected modifier acts the same as private in terms of code generation and assignability, except that it is possible to access a protected member in any subclass of a class which declared the member. Basically, you can access protected members in the same situations where it would have been an error for you to redeclare a private member with the same name as a base class's member.

Examples

class Base {
    protected myMember;
}
class Derived extends Base {
    foo() { return this.myMember; } // OK
}
var x = new Derived();
console.log(x.myMember); // Error, cannot access

class Derived2 extends Base {
    private myMember; // Error, cannot tighten visibility
    public myMember; // Error, cannot widen visibility
}

Open Questions

After the last design meeting, the following open questions remained:

Is 'sibling' property access allowed?

C# and other IL languages prohibit this pattern, but Java allows it:

class Base { protected x: string; }
class Derived extends Base {
    foo(n: Base) {
        // Not allowed: cannot reference protected member through base class reference
        console.log(n.x);
    }
}

See these links for reasoning
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ericlippert/archive/2008/03/28/why-can-t-i-access-a-protected-member-from-a-derived-class-part-two-why-can-i.aspx
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1904782/whats-the-real-reason-for-preventing-protected-member-access

Are protected members subject to the "same-declaration" rule as private members for assignability/subtyping?

private members are considered equivalent for the purposes of assignability and subtyping if they are from the "same declaration". This isn't quite the rule you would want for protected members. Consider some classes:

class Widget {
  protected inspector: WidgetInspector;
}
class SquareWidget extends Widget {
  // Use a more-specific 'inspector'
  protected inspector: SquareWidgetInspector;
}
class CircleWidget extends Widget {
  // Initialize here
  protected inspector: WidgetInspector = new WidgetInspector();
}
var w: Widget;
var c: CircleWidget;
w = c; // Allowed, or not?

If we took the verbatim "same declaration" rule from private, this assignment would be disallowed because w.inspector and c.inspector come from different declarations. It's not reasonable to have this assignment be disallowed.

However, if we do not use the "same declaration" rule, then a SquareWidget would be assignable to a CirceWidget even if they both removed their extends clauses. This is not surprising if you're used to thinking about things structurally, but since many people seem to like the higher specificity of private in terms of preventing assignability between structurally-equivalent types, this behavior might not be desirable.

A proposed rule was that we could have a notion of a "parent" declaration when a derived class's property overrides a base class property. This seems tractable for classes, but interfaces can extend multiple classes, and we would need to define what exactly that means. A degenerate example:

interface WatWidget1 extends Widget, CircleWidget { }
interface WatWidget2 extends Widget, SquareWidget { }
var ww1: WatWidget1;
var ww2: WatWidget2;
ww1 = new Widget(); // Allowed or not?
ww1 = new CircleWidget(); // Allowed or not?
ww2 = new Widget(); // Allowed or not?
ww2 = new CircleWidget(); // Allowed or not?
ww1 = ww2;
ww2 = ww1;

Can public properties be assigned to protected fields?

class Point1 { x: number }
var p1: Point1 = { x: 3 }; // Allowed

class Point2 { private x: number }
var p2: Point2 = { x: 3 }; // Disallowed

class Point3 { protected x: number }
var p: Point3 = { x: 3 }; // Allowed or not?

This is sort of a yes-or-no thing tangentially related to the previous question.

Suggestion: "safe navigation operator", i.e. x?.y

Current Status

  • The TC39 proposal is now at stage 3 (๐ŸŽ‰๐ŸŽ‰๐ŸŽ‰๐ŸŽ‰๐ŸŽ‰)
  • Implementation is in progress
  • You can expect this feature in TypeScript 3.7
  • We'll update here when it's available in a nightly build
  • Holding off on Optional Call until its semantics are clarified at committee

Open questions

  • What special-casing, if any, should document.all get?

C# and other languages have syntax sugar for accessing property chains where null (or in our case, undefined) might be encountered at any point in the object hierarchy.

var x = { y: { z: null, q: undefined } };
console.log(x?.y?.z?.foo); // Should print 'null'
console.log(x?.baz); // Still an error
console.log(x.y.q?.bar); // Should print 'undefined'

Need proposal on what exactly we should codegen, keeping in mind side effects of accessors.


Edit by @DanielRosenwasser February 27, 2018: This proposal is also called the "null propagation" operator.

[Design] merging modules across files

file1.ts:

module X.Y {
    export class Point {
        constructor(x: number, y: number) {
            this.x = x;
            this.y = y;
        }
        x: number;
        y: number;
    }
}

file2.ts:

module X.Y {
    export module Point {
        export var Origin = new Point(0, 0);
    }
}

Expected (old compiler):

Module 'Point' cannot merge with previous declaration of 'Point' in a different file 'class.ts'.

Actual (new compiler): no error

[Errors] exported import that exposes a private type

    module M {
        module N {        }
        export import X = N;
    }

Expected:

!!! Exported import declaration 'X' is assigned container that is or is using inaccessible module 'N'.

Actual: no error

Similar errors in

tests/cases/compiler/privacyLocalInternalReferenceImportWithExport.ts

Suggestion: abstract classes

Support an abstract keyword for classes and their methods

Examples:

abstract class Base {
    abstract getThing(): string;
    getOtherThing() { return 'hello'; }
}
var x = new Base(); // Error, 'Base' is abstract

// Error, must either be 'abstract' or implement concrete 'getThing'
class Derived1 extends Base { }

class Derived2 extends Base {
    getThing() { return 'hello'; }
    foo() { super.getThing(); } // Error: cannot invoke abstract members through 'super'
}
var x = new Derived2(); // OK
var y: Base = new Derived2(); // Also OK
y.getThing(); // OK
y.getOtherThing(); // OK

abstract class Empty { } // OK

Suggestion: read-only modifier

Some properties in JavaScript are actually read-only, i.e. writes to them either fail silently or cause an exception. These should be modelable in TypeScript.

Previous attempts to design this have run into problems. A brief exploration:

interface Point {
    x: number;
    y: number;
}
interface ImmutablePoint {
    readonly x: number;
    readonly y: number;
}
var pt: ImmutablePoint = { x: 4, y: 5 }; // OK, can convert mutable to non-mutable
pt.x = 5; // Error, 'pt.x' is not a valid target of assignment

var pt2: Point = pt; // Error, cannot convert readonly 'x' to mutable 'x'

// Possibly bad behavior
var pt3: Point = { x: 1, y: 1 };
var pt4: ImmutablePoint = pt3; // OK
pt3.x = 5; // pt4.x is also changed?

// Really bad behavior
/** This function was written in TypeScript 1.0 **/
function magnitudeSquared(v: { x: number; y: number }) {
   return v.x * v.x + v.y * v.y;
}
// Now try to use it with ImmutablePoint
console.log(magnitudeSquared(pt)); // Error, cannot use readonly object in non-readonly call

Possible solutions?

  • Allow bivariance of mutability: this is very unsound
  • Something else clever? C++ did not do well with const contamination

[Emit] Functions in object literals

var x = { f() { return 1; } }
var y = { f: () => { return 1; } }
var z = { f: function() { return 1; } }

Expected:

var x = { f: function () {        return 1;    } };
var y = { f: function () {        return 1;    } };
var z = { f: function () {        return 1;    } };

Actual:

var x = { f: function f() {    return 1;} };
var y = { f: function () {    return 1;} };
var z = { f: function () {    return 1;} };

This would be a breaking change, but might align with ES6?

Compiler crash when file casing differs

Repro consists of:

a.ts

/// <reference path="typings\c.d.ts" />

b.d.ts

declare class Promise<T> {
    x: T;
}

Typings\c.d.ts

/// <reference path="b.d.ts" />
/// <reference path="..\a.ts" />

Invoke: tc Typings\c.d.ts

Result:

Symbol.declarations, function (d) { return d.parent === currentNode.parent; } 
TypeError: Cannot read property 'parent' of undefined

[Errors] Type argument inference from signatures infers fewer candidates

interface Promise<T> {
then<U>(success?: (value: T) => U, error?: (error: any) => U, progress?: (progress: any) => void): Promise<U>;
done<U>(success?: (value: T) => any, error?: (error: any) => any, progress?: (progress: any) => void): void;
}

interface IPromise<T> {
then<U>(success?: (value: T) => IPromise<U>, error?: (error: any) => IPromise<U>, progress?: (progress: any) => void): IPromise<U>;
then<U>(success?: (value: T) => IPromise<U>, error?: (error: any) => U, progress?: (progress: any) => void): IPromise<U>;
then<U>(success?: (value: T) => U, error?: (error: any) => IPromise<U>, progress?: (progress: any) => void): IPromise<U>;
then<U>(success?: (value: T) => U, error?: (error: any) => U, progress?: (progress: any) => void): IPromise<U>;
done? <U>(success?: (value: T) => any, error?: (error: any) => any, progress?: (progress: any) => void): void;
}

declare function testFunction11(x: number): IPromise<number>;
declare function testFunction11(x: string): IPromise<string>;
declare function testFunction11P(x: number): Promise<number>;
declare function testFunction11P(x: string): Promise<string>; 

var s11: Promise<number>;
var s11a = s11.then(testFunction11, testFunction11, testFunction11); // ok
var s11b = s11.then(testFunction11P, testFunction11P, testFunction11P); // ok
var s11c = s11.then(testFunction11P, testFunction11, testFunction11); // ok

Used to all succeed, but now they all fail. This is because when we collect candidates for U from testFunction11 and testFunction11P, we only use the last overload instead of all the overloads. This is an algorithmic change in the new compiler.

They used to all succeed, but they were Promise<{}>, which is not super meaningful anyway.

r11a has similar behavior in promisePermutations3.ts

Suggestion: minification

TypeScript should support emitting minified JavaScript.

There are several different things we could support:

  1. Just remove whitespace
  2. Minify unobservable identifiers
  3. Remove provably dead code
  4. Whole-program minification (i.e. closure compiler)
  5. (Others?)

Suggestion: Extension methods

Allow a declarative way of adding members to an existing type's prototype

Example:

class Shape {
 // ...
}

/* ...elsewhere...*/
extension class Shape { // Syntax??
    getArea() { return /* ... */; }
}

var x = new Shape();
console.log(x.getArea()); // OK

[Errors] top level identifier named require or exports

import require = require('collisionExportsRequireAndAlias_file1'); // Error
//!!! Duplicate identifier 'require'. Compiler reserves name 'require' in top level scope of an external module.
import exports = require('collisionExportsRequireAndAlias_file11'); // Error
//!!! Duplicate identifier 'exports'. Compiler reserves name 'exports' in top level scope of an external module.

Expected: errors above
Actual: no errors

See related testcases for other examples of where this is an error linked in TC ID field:
collisionExportsRequireAndClass.errors.txt
collisionExportsRequireAndEnum.errors.txt
collisionExportsRequireAndFunction.errors.txt
collisionExportsRequireAndModule.errors.txt
collisionExportsRequireAndVar.errors.txt
collisionRestParameterArrowFunctions.errors.txt

[Spec] Duplicate ambient external module name

declare module "fs" {
    var x: string;
}
declare module "fs" {
    var y: number;
}

Expected:
!!! Duplicate identifier ''fs''.
!!! Ambient external module declaration cannot be reopened.
Actual: no error

Suggestion: union types

Many values or parameters in JavaScript can be of more than one type. For example, a function might take an object where one of the properties can be either a string or a number, but not a function.

Comments from Ron Buckton in https://typescript.codeplex.com/workitem/1364
I'd like to see type annotations provide some support for a type union. For example:

ES6 Promise

class Promise<T> {
  // ...
  static any<TResult>(...values: union { Promise<T>; T; }[]): Promise<T>;
  static every<TResult>(...values: union { Promise<T>; T; }[]): Promise<T[]>;
  static some<TResult>(...values: union { Promise<T>; T; }[]): Promise<T>;
  then(resolve?: (value: T) => union { Promise<T>; T; }, reject?: (value: any) => union { Promise<T>; T; }): Promise<T>;
  // ...
}

ES6 Loader

class Loader<T> {
  // ...
  normalize(name: string, referer?: Referer): union { string; { normalized: string; metadata?: any }; };
  resolve(normalized: string, options?: { referer: Referer; metadata: any; }): union { string; { address: string; extra?: string[]; }; };
  // ...
}

When static type checking is performed, it is possible to have some type issues when explicitly providing generic type arguments and having the wrong type chosen, but this exists today without supporting type unions.

The other open issue is what to do with a local that is a type union: should it act as an any, a type that contains all of the members of both (or all) types in the union, or a type that only contains the members that are the same in both (or all) types in the union.

An implicit or explicit type cast from a type union to one of the union types would pass without the need to perform an intermediate cast to , and an explicit type cast to a more specific type for any of the union types would likewise succeed without an intermediate cast.

Assignment to a local or field that is a type union would succeed as if it were either of the types (e.g. implicit or explicit type cast from a more specific type to a less specific type specified in the type union).

There is also a question on how to properly handle the intellisense for a symbol that uses a type union. It could either be represented as a number of overloads (similar to what would have to be typed today), or preserve the type union definition.

Union Declaration

Providing a typedef-like syntax for unions would also be useful to define a reusable definition:

union Ref<T> {
  Promise<T>;
  T;
}

This is roughly analogous to an interface that defines multiple call signatures:

// as an interface with call signatures...
interface ResolveCallback<T> {
  (value: Promise<T>): void;
  (value: T): void;
  (): void;
}

// ...and as a union with function types
union ResolveCallback<T> {
  (value: Promise<T>) => void;
  (value: T) => void;
  () => void;
}

Static Analysis

Adding type unions would require changes to the static type information to be supported. The primary goal of adding type unions is to help the compiler determine the best matching type for a call expression or return type expression. The following sections discuss various ways of handling static analysis of type unions.

Assigning to a Type Union

When assigning to an identifier that is annotated with a type union, passing a value as an argument to a function for a parameter that is a type union, returning a value from a function with a type union in its return type annotation, or type-casting a value to a type union, the type of the value being assigned or returned must be compatible (as either an exact match or a superset of type information) with one of the types defined in the type union.

For example:

// assign to variable
var value: union { Promise<number>; number; };
value = 1; // legal
value = Promise.resolve<number>(1); // legal
value = new Date(); // static error

// type-cast to union
declare var n: number;
declare var p: Promise<number>;
declare var a: any;
declare var d: Date;
<union { Promise<number>; number; }>n; // legal
<union { Promise<number>; number; }>p; // legal
<union { Promise<number>; number; }>a; // legal
<union { Promise<number>; number; }>d; // legal

// union in return value
function func(type: string): union { Promise<number>; number; } {
  switch (type) {
    case "number":
      return 1; // legal

    case "promise":
     return Promise.resolve<number>(1); // legal

    case "date":
     return new Date(); // static error  
  }
}

// union in invocation expression
declare function func(promiseOrValue: union { Promise<number>; number; }): void;
declare var n: number;
declare var p: Promise<number>;
declare var a: any;
declare var d: Date;

func(n); // legal
func(p); // legal
func(a); // legal
func(d); // static error

Assigning from a Type Union

When assigning to another value from a type union or type-casting from a type union, the type of the value must be compatible (as either an exact match or a subset of type information) with one of the types in the union.

For example:

// assignment
declare var value: union { Promise<number>; number; };
var n: number;
var p: Promise<number>;
var a: any;
var d: Date;

n = value; // legal
p = value; // legal
a = value; // legal
d = value; // static error

// type-cast
<Promise<number>>value; // legal
<number>value; // legal
<any>value; // legal
<Date>value; // static error

[Errors] class implementing private type

module m1 {
    export class C2 implements m3.i3 {
        public get p1() {
            return null;
        }

        public f55() {
            return "Hello world";
        }
    }
    module m3 {
        export interface i3 {
            f55(): string;
        }
    }
    class C1 { }
}

Expected: Exported class 'C2' implements private interface 'm3.i3'.

Actual: no error

Suggestion: TypeScript Library Project in Visual Studio

Create a project template and project system support for a TypeScript 'library'

Library project outputs would include a .d.ts and a .js file; referencing projects would consume the .d.ts file automatically and have separate compilation. Refactoring in the referenced project would be reflected in any loaded referencing projects.

[Errors] Empty object contextually typed by type with indexer

interface Foo { a }
interface Bar { b }

interface Object {
    [n: number]: Foo;
}

interface Function {
    [n: number]: Bar;
}

var o = {};
var f = () => { };

var v1: {
    //!!! Cannot convert '{}' to '{ [x: number]: Foo; }':
    //!!!   Numeric index signature is missing in type '{}'.
    [n: number]: Foo
} = o;  
var v2: {
    //!!! Cannot convert '() => void' to '{ [x: number]: Bar; }':
    //!!!   Numeric index signature is missing in type '() => void'.
    [n: number]: Bar
} = f;  

Expected: no errors

Actual: errors in the comments above

Verify test case:
tests/cases/compiler/augmentedTypeBracketAccessIndexSignature.ts
tests/cases/conformance/types/members/objectTypeWithCallSignatureHidingMembersOfExtendedFunction.ts

[Emit] Some import statements not emitted

In tests/cases/compiler/privacyTopLevelInternalReferenceImportWithExport.ts:

Everything declaration of the form:

im_public__private

or

im_public__public

is not emitted.

In tests/cases/compiler/privacyTopLevelInternalReferenceImportWithoutExport.ts:

Everything declaration of the form:

im_private__private

or

im_private__public

is not emitted.

For both cases, used to emit:

var im_private_c_public = m_public . c_public ;

and the like

[Emit] clodule with recursive reference

module M{
  export class C {  }
  export module C {
    export var C = M.C
  }}

Expected:

var M;
(function (M) {
    var C = (function () {
        function C() { }
        return C;
    })();
    M.C = C;
    (function (_C) {
        _C.C = M.C;
    })(M.C || (M.C = {}));
    var C = M.C;
})(M || (M = {}));

Actual:

var M;
(function (M) {
    var C = (function () {
        function C() { }
        return C;
    })();
    M.C = C;
    (function (C) {
        C.C = M.C;
    })(M.C || (M.C = {}));
    var C = M.C;
})(M || (M = {}));

[Emit] Import statement is not emited if alias is used in error position

import Sammy = require("errorsOnImportedSymbol_0");
var x = new Sammy.Sammy(); // Sammy.Sammy does not exist 
var y = Sammy.Sammy(); // Sammy.Sammy does not exist

Expected:

var Sammy = require ( "errorsOnImportedSymbol_0" ) ;
var x = new Sammy . Sammy ( ) ;
var y = Sammy . Sammy ( ) ;

Actual:

var x = new Sammy . Sammy ( ) ;
var y = Sammy . Sammy ( ) ;

[Errors] getter returning private type

module m1 {
    export class C2 implements m3.i3 {
        public get p1() {
            return new C1();
        }

        public f55() {
            return "Hello world";
        }
    }
    module m3 {
        export interface i3 {
            f55(): string;
        }
    }
    class C1 { }
}

Expected:

Exported class 'C2' implements private interface 'm3.i3'. Return type of public property getter from exported class has or is using private type 'C1'.
Actual: no error

Suggestion: disallow use before definition

The compiler should issue an error when code uses values before they could possibly be initialized.

// Error, 'Derived' declaration must be after 'Base'
class Derived extends Base { }
class Base { }

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