CoWasm: Collaborative WebAssembly for Servers and Browsers. Built using Zig. Supports Python with extension modules, including numpy.
Home Page: https://cowasm.org
License: BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License
This https://www.npmjs.com/package/pkg would make it possible to have a lightweight purely command line version of python-wasm for windows, macos, linux, without using electron. There would of course be no graphical UI, which is fine.
In packages/cpython/build/wasm/Python/ceval.c there is a function
int
_PyEval_SetProfile(PyThreadState *tstate, Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *arg)
{
assert(is_tstate_valid(tstate));
/* The caller must hold the GIL */
assert(PyGILState_Check());
static int reentrant = 0;
if (reentrant) {
_PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_RuntimeError, "Cannot install a profile function "
"while another profile function is being installed");
reentrant = 0;
return -1;
}
reentrant = 1;
...It's called the first time when you do this:
~/python-wasm/packages/cpython$ pw-d
Welcome to Node.js v18.9.0.
Type ".help" for more information.
> Python 3.11.0rc1 (main, Sep 14 2022, 08:57:39) [Clang 14.0.6 (git@github.com:ziglang/zig-bootstrap.git 9dd8ca3a7f80f1677f1ad4d5 on wasi
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import cProfile; pr = cProfile.Profile()
>>> pr.enable()
_PyEval_SetProfile being called and reentrant = 19 // requires editing "ceval.c" to see this
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
RuntimeError: Cannot install a profile function while another profile function is being installedFor some reason the value of reentrant is initially 19, which can't happen.... unless there is some sort of memory corruption somewhere nearby. So this indicates some sort of subtle bug.
See also #6. I'm not sure if this is possible or subtle or how it is supposed to work. Maybe we have to set some EOF state. In any case, just sending the \u0004 character over stdin is not the same thing as EOF!
I wonder, how easy or difficult will it be to port programs
// I plan to study and do experiments, EDIT: first plan:
https://github.com/sagemathinc/cowasm/blob/main/Dockerfile https://github.com/sagemathinc/cowasm#build-from-source
EDIT:
related:
Hi, I tried, it seems could not run on windows.
C:\Users\Liu.D.H>npx python-wasm
Need to install the following packages:
python-wasm
Ok to proceed? (y)
/bin/bash: C:\Users\Liu.D.H\AppData\Local\npm-cache\_npx\3e7b7466c13fbc48\node_modules\.bin\..\python-wasm\bin\zython: No such file or directory
C:\Users\Liu.D.H>where npx
C:\Program Files\nodejs\npx
C:\Program Files\nodejs\npx.cmd
C:\Users\Liu.D.H\AppData\Roaming\npm\npx
C:\Users\Liu.D.H\AppData\Roaming\npm\npx.cmd
C:\Users\Liu.D.H>
C:\Users\Liu.D.H>npm i -g python-wasm
added 27 packages, and audited 28 packages in 1s
5 packages are looking for funding
run `npm fund` for details
found 0 vulnerabilities
C:\Users\Liu.D.H>python-wasm
/bin/bash: C:\Users\Liu.D.H\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\python-wasm\bin\zython: No such file or directory
C:\Users\Liu.D.H>
C:\Users\Liu.D.H>node -v
v18.4.0
C:\Users\Liu.D.H>npm -v
8.5.1
C:\Users\Liu.D.H>After many years, mpmath is now at version 1.3! (Instead of 1.0.)
It would be nice to upgrade cowasm to use it. Installing it is fine, but the test suite now uses pytest, so actually running the test suite is the blocker now for this issue.
Hi, thanks for this wonderful effort.
I was wondering if I can use multithreaded WASI wasm module compiled from Rust. Would it be possible? If not, is that kind of PR acceptable?
Hi! Thanks for this. I'm looking at the wasi-js example, and wondering where can get the value of wasmOpts here?
import { WASI } from "wasi-js";
import fs from "fs";
import nodeBindings from "wasi-js/dist/bindings/node";
const wasi = new WASI({
args: [],
env: {},
bindings: {...nodeBindings, fs},
});
const source = await readFile(pathToWasm);
const typedArray = new Uint8Array(source);
const result = await WebAssembly.instantiate(typedArray, wasmOpts); // where can we wasmOpts
wasi.start(result.instance);I tried looking at the WASI implementation of node 20 and tried to do it as well - but it is undefined:
const result = await WebAssembly.instantiate(typedArray, wasi.getImportObject()); // getImportObject is undefinedAny tips? Thank you!
Figure out why this happens. This gets hit very easily, e.g., in the terminal:
>>> import math; help(math)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<frozen _sitebuiltins>", line 103, in __call__
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/python-wasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/pydoc.py", line 2005, in __call__
# special case these keywords since they are objects too
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/python-wasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/pydoc.py", line 2064, in help
''')
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/python-wasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/pydoc.py", line 1788, in doc
'global': ('global', 'nonlocal NAMESPACES'),
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/python-wasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/pydoc.py", line 1560, in pager
# We've hereby abandoned whatever text hasn't been written,
^^^
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/python-wasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/pydoc.py", line 1585, in <lambda>
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/python-wasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/pydoc.py", line 1604, in pipepager
try:
^^^^^
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/python-wasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/subprocess.py", line 736, in <module>
if not _can_fork_exec:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/python-wasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/subprocess.py", line 1893, in Popen
delay = 0.0005 # 500 us -> initial delay of 1 ms
^^^^^^^^^^^
AttributeError: module 'os' has no attribute 'waitstatus_to_exitcode'Obviously creating a subprocess like this isn't the optimal way to do paging in python-wasm; maybe there is an option or flag to python that changes the behavior?
As background, I have a long tutorial about test-first development for browser-Python with Vitest. It has a section on speeding up test runs to use one interpreter instance for all tests.
I'm interested in writing a variation of that tutorial, using cowasm. Does it have a story for resetting an interpreter to a known, saved state in NodeJS?
As an aside, can you have multiple interpreters, in Node and/or browser?
Currently the sqlite in cowasm works fine when used in memory. However, if you instead try to use it with the filesystem, there are problems.
I noticed that this post about yet another python.wasm build says they have a modified sqlite they build. Maybe it has a solution to my problem?
This will be something to do once (or if) numpy builds and works using zig. I say "or if", since it's not guaranteed this will ever happen, e.g., my current status is llvm segfaulting.
In any case, "start the sagemath port" is really something that would happen in a new repo, and is about building important dependencies of sage, e.g., like I started in https://github.com/sagemathinc/jsage (pari, gmp, etc.). The architecture will be:
I started on this, but it's not done yet: https://github.com/sagemathinc/cowasm/tree/main/python/py-matplotlib
It's actually VERY important for this project to be actually useful for, e.g., Jupyter notebooks.
Without these, it's hard to even test out mobile safari functionality, and basically all of the value of readline is lost (e.g., history).
Make it so python-wasm is capable of loading C extension modules that are not statically linked into the core python.wasm bundle.
Emscripten does this, but I don't know if anything else does. We probably need to reimplement this from scratch.
Here's the emscripten code which might be inspirational: https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/blob/77da62969eb0b5efe4ce4a0c9ce67c45b9e32638/src/library_dylink.js
Here's what is actually accessed on init:
~/python-wasm/packages/python-wasm$ npx jest dist/wasm/posix/stdlib.test.js
console.log
mapFlags openSync / 0 undefined
at Object.openSync (../wasi/src/fs.ts:156:13)
console.log
mapFlags openSync /pybuilddir.txt 0 undefined
at Object.openSync (../wasi/src/fs.ts:156:13)
console.log
mapFlags openSync /usr/lib/python3.11 0 undefined
at Object.openSync (../wasi/src/fs.ts:156:13)
console.log
mapFlags openSync /usr/lib/python3.11/encodings/__init__.pyc 0 undefined
at Object.openSync (../wasi/src/fs.ts:156:13)
console.log
mapFlags openSync /usr/lib/python3.11/encodings 0 undefined
at Object.openSync (../wasi/src/fs.ts:156:13)
console.log
mapFlags openSync /usr/lib/python3.11/encodings/aliases.pyc 0 undefined
at Object.openSync (../wasi/src/fs.ts:156:13)
console.log
mapFlags openSync /usr/lib/python3.11/encodings/utf_8.pyc 0 undefined
at Object.openSync (../wasi/src/fs.ts:156:13)
console.log
mapFlags openSync /usr/lib/python3.11/lib-dynload 0 undefined
at Object.openSync (../wasi/src/fs.ts:156:13)
console.log
Maybe we can make a python-init.zip that is TINY and includes only those files. The main python.zip is only extracted and mounted slightly later after python has started...
Right now attempts to use os.popen crash the entire python process:
~/python-wasm/packages/cpython$ ../../bin/python-wasm
Welcome to Node.js v16.13.0.
Type ".help" for more information.
> iPython 3.11.0b3 (main, Jul 23 2022, 06:21:39) [Clang 13.0.1 (git@github.com:ziglang/zig-bootstrap.git 623481199fe17f4311cbdbbf on wasi
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import os
>>> os.popen('ls')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<frozen os>", line 986, in popen
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/python-wasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/subprocess.py", line 805, in __init__
OSError: [Errno 58] wasi does not support processes.
>>>
~/python-wasm/packages/cpython$ It would be better if instead you see an error but the whole process doesn't exit. This must be possible, and might just involve improving whatever stub is being called.
The above error message comes from:
lib/python3.11/subprocess.py: errno.ENOTSUP, f"{sys.platform} does not support processes."
This is #50
The main significant remaining issues is that we need to automate building the dependencies, since
sibling packages are now installed directly, rather than from npm. This happens automatically and
is awesome! It does mean some additional work. Maybe a script that just automates building deps,
as determined by parsing what is installed.
Also, we'll need to update the docs, and make sure pnpm is installed. We might instead use pnpm env to
have pnpm install node instead. Hmmm...
This problem of building the deps in a workspace also comes up in CoCalc and isn't totally solved there either.
For that it's maybe a lot harder due to circular deps? In any case, I wonder if there is a common solution.
Right now with a native windows terminal and node.js 16 official binaries, you can install python-wasm:
npm install python-wasmand start the CLI and use it as follows:
node> require('python-wasm').terminal()
...
> Python ...
>>> import math
>>> math.[tab] worksAmazingly, readline (hence tab completion, line editing, etc.,) actually fully works. However, it's tedious to have to type node, then require, etc., to start things. The point of this issue is just to provide a script like bin/python-wasm that directly starts the cli. I'm not sure how important this is...
should it be https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almquist_shell?
This https://github.com/prompt-toolkit/ptpython/ is pretty amazing in terms of interactive editing of the past, etc. See https://www.terriblecode.com/blog/why-ptpython-is-the-only-repl-you-will-ever-need/
There's also pyvim, which might also be a very interesting way to get something close to vim in the browser... but maybe not.
Unclear: https://pypi.org/project/pyvim/
In particular, right now it doesn't even mention Emscripten!
Hello,
I just switched from wasmer to wasi-js in the WasiCaml project (https://github.com/remixlabs/wasicaml). There are a lot of scripts running WASI-fied wasm code, and some of them also write to stdout. I found in the stdout of one script the string
cpu waiting for stdin: please define a way to sleep!
which causes the further build to fail. Obviously, this warning is from wasi-js and printed with console.log which goes to stdout. For scripting, this is very unfortunate - whereas messages in stderr are typically no problem. Can you switch to console.warn or console.error instead?
Btw, thanks for picking the code up and maintaining it.
noarch packages can be installed with emscriptenforge without modification.
[...] CORS headers, [...]
FWIU packages are persisted w/ SQLite in WASM, per-request?
https://www.anaconda.com/blog/conda-signature-verification (2021)
https://github.com/conda/conda-content-trust
Signed HTTP Exchanges (SXG) & Web Bundles weren't yet finalized (could be used to secure WASM packages); from https://web.dev/web-bundles/ :
HTTP resources in a Web Bundle are indexed by request URLs, and can optionally come with signatures that vouch for the resources. Signatures allow browsers to understand and verify where each resource came from, and treats each as coming from its true origin. This is similar to how Signed HTTP Exchanges, a feature for signing a single HTTP resource, are handled.
HTTP Subresource Integrity (SRI):
<script src="https://cdn.example.com/app.js"
integrity="sha384-+/M6kredJcxdsqkczBUjMLvqyHb1K/JThDXWsBVxMEeZHEaMKEOEct339VItX1zB"
crossorigin="anonymous"></script>There is something called WASIX that is "an effort to port legacy POSIX APIs (including many with questionable design such as fork()) to WASM." This is a relevant issue in the Zig repo -- ziglang/zig#17115
CoWasm itself is also an effort written in zig to port legacy POSIX APIs (including many with questionable design such as fork()) to WASM. So discussions about WASIX are relevant to this project.
The functionality WASIX claims to have in their blog post https://wasmer.io/posts/announcing-wasix seems in some cases to be significantly more than Cowasm, e.g., actual pthreads support (?).
This is presumably just some state involving /sys/stdout, /sys/stdin, etc. with our "run a subprocess" functionality.
It happened in this session using https://cowasm.sh
Type 'ls /usr/bin' for a list of commands, including python (with numpy), lua, sqlite3, date, and du.
This is new and *many* things are not implemented. Output redirection and capture is not implemented.
Visit https://github.com/sagemathinc/cowasm and contribute.
sh$ hanoi
sh$ viz
Name collision 'xterm-new' between
xf|xterm-new|modern xterm:,
and xf|xterm-new|modern xterm:,
...now modern xterm:,
Cannot remove alias 'modern xterm:,'
Name collision 'xterm-basic' between
xb|xterm-basic|modern xterm common:,
and xb|xterm-basic|modern xterm common:,
...now modern xterm common:,
Cannot remove alias 'modern xterm common:,'
Name collision 'xterm-vt220' between
vt|xterm-vt220|xterm emulating vt220:,
and vt|xterm-vt220|xterm emulating vt220:,
...now xterm emulating vt220:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm emulating vt220:,'
Name collision 'xterm-24' between
v1|xterm-24|xterms|vs100|24x80 xterm:,
and v1|xterm-24|xterms|vs100|24x80 xterm:,
...now xterms|vs100|24x80 xterm:,
...now vs100|24x80 xterm:,
...now 24x80 xterm:,
Cannot remove alias '24x80 xterm:,'
Name collision 'xterm-65' between
v2|xterm-65|65x80 xterm:,
and v2|xterm-65|65x80 xterm:,
...now 65x80 xterm:,
Cannot remove alias '65x80 xterm:,'
Name collision 'xterm-bold' between
vb|xterm-bold|xterm with bold for underline:,
and vb|xterm-bold|xterm with bold for underline:,
...now xterm with bold for underline:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm with bold for underline:,'
Name collision 'xterm-boldso' between
vB|xterm-boldso|xterm with bold for standout:,
and vB|xterm-boldso|xterm with bold for standout:,
...now xterm with bold for standout:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm with bold for standout:,'
Name collision 'xterm-mono' between
vm|xterm-mono|monochrome xterm:,
and vm|xterm-mono|monochrome xterm:,
...now monochrome xterm:,
Cannot remove alias 'monochrome xterm:,'
Name collision 'xterm-noapp' between
xn|xterm-noapp|xterm with cursor keys in normal mode:,
and xn|xterm-noapp|xterm with cursor keys in normal mode:,
...now xterm with cursor keys in normal mode:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm with cursor keys in normal mode:,'
Name collision 'xterm-color' between
vc|xterm-color|generic "ANSI" color xterm:,
and vc|xterm-color|generic "ANSI" color xterm:,
...now generic "ANSI" color xterm:,
Cannot remove alias 'generic "ANSI" color xterm:,'
Name collision 'xterm-16color' between
x1|xterm-16color|xterm alias:,
and x1|xterm-16color|xterm alias:,
...now xterm alias:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm alias:,'
Name collision 'xterm-88color' between
x2|xterm-88color|xterm alias:,
and x2|xterm-88color|xterm alias:,
...now xterm alias:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm alias:,'
Name collision 'xterm-direct' between
x4|xterm-direct|xterm alias:,
and x4|xterm-direct|xterm alias:,
...now xterm alias:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm alias:,'
Name collision 'xterm-nrc' between
xi|xterm-nrc|xterm alias:,
and xi|xterm-nrc|xterm alias:,
...now xterm alias:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm alias:,'
Name collision 'xterm-rep' between
xr|xterm-rep|xterm alias:,
and xr|xterm-rep|xterm alias:,
...now xterm alias:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm alias:,'
Name collision 'xterm-xmc' between
xx|xterm-xmc|xterm alias:,
and xx|xterm-xmc|xterm alias:,
...now xterm alias:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm alias:,'
Name collision 'xterm-8bit' between
x8|xterm-8bit|xterm terminal emulator 8-bit controls (X Window System):,
and x8|xterm-8bit|xterm terminal emulator 8-bit controls (X Window System):,
...now xterm terminal emulator 8-bit controls (X Window System):,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm terminal emulator 8-bit controls (X Window System):,'
Name collision 'xterm-hp' between
hp|xterm-hp|xterm with hpterm function keys:,
and hp|xterm-hp|xterm with hpterm function keys:,
...now xterm with hpterm function keys:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm with hpterm function keys:,'
Name collision 'xterm-sco' between
xS|xterm-sco|xterm with SCO function keys:,
and xS|xterm-sco|xterm with SCO function keys:,
...now xterm with SCO function keys:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm with SCO function keys:,'
Name collision 'xterm-vt52' between
v5|xterm-vt52|xterm emulating vt52:,
and v5|xterm-vt52|xterm emulating vt52:,
...now xterm emulating vt52:,
Cannot remove alias 'xterm emulating vt52:,'
Name collision 'xterm-sun' between
xs|xterm-sun|xterm with Sun functionkeys:,
sh$ python
Python 3.11.0 (main, Nov 3 2022, 20:56:18) [Clang 15.0.3 ([email protected]:ziglang/zig-bootstrap.git 0ce789d0f7a4d89fdc4d9571 on wasi
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> ^D
sh$ python
Python 3.11.0 (main, Nov 3 2022, 20:56:18) [Clang 15.0.3 ([email protected]:ziglang/zig-bootstrap.git 0ce789d0f7a4d89fdc4d9571 on wasi
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> ^D
sh$ python
Python 3.11.0 (main, Nov 3 2022, 20:56:18) [Clang 15.0.3 ([email protected]:ziglang/zig-bootstrap.git 0ce789d0f7a4d89fdc4d9571 on wasi
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import json
>>> json.dumps(range(100))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/cowasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/json/__init__.py", line 231, in dumps
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/cowasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/json/encoder.py", line 200, in encode
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/cowasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/json/encoder.py", line 258, in iterencode
File "/Users/wstein/build/cocalc/src/data/projects/2c9318d1-4f8b-4910-8da7-68a965514c95/cowasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Lib/json/encoder.py", line 180, in default
TypeError: Object of type range is not JSON serializable
>>> json.dumps(list(range(100)))
'[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]'
>>> json.dumps(list(range(1000)))
'[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999]'
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> open('a.json').write(json.dumps(list(range(1000))))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 44] No such file or directory: 'a.json'
>>> open('/tmp/a.json').write(json.dumps(list(range(1000))))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 44] No such file or directory: '/tmp/a.json'
>>> open('a.json','w').write(json.dumps(list(range(1000))))
4890
>>> ^D
sh$ ls
a.json dev usr
sh$ ls -l
total 9
---------- 1 0 0 4890 Nov 4 04:20 a.json
d--------- 1 0 0 0 Nov 4 04:14 dev
d--------- 1 0 0 0 Nov 4 04:14 usr
sh$ cat a.json
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 725, 726, 727, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, 781, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808, 809, 810, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 920, 921, 922, 923, 924, 925, 926, 927, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 974, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979, 980, 981, 982, 983, 984, 985, 986, 987, 988, 989, 990, 991, 992, 993, 994, 995, 996, 997, 998, 999]sh$
sh$
sh$
sh$
sh$
sh$ python3
sh: 18: python3: not found
sh$ python
Fatal Python error: init_sys_streams: can't initialize sys standard streams
Python runtime state: core initialized
OSError: [Errno 8] Bad file descriptor
Current thread 0x00131d10 (most recent call first):
<no Python frame>
sh$ See ziglang/zig#9485 for related discussion.
Hello... EXCELLENT project you've got here. I'm the founder of Suborbital, and we're currently investigating different ways to support Python in our E2 Core project and our SE2 platform. This project seems like it would be a very good method.
In order to use this, I'd love to know if it's currently possible to import functions from the Wasm host? We use Wasmtime, and have a set of host functions that we make available to the runtime (such as making HTTP requests, etc), and in other languages like Rust, you can import these host-provided functions to call them. (example from our SDK)
If this is possible, I'd love to learn how, and we'd love to build a prototype of Python support using zython.
If it's not possible, we'd love to contribute to the project and help out any way we can (code, testing, sponsorship, anything!)
Please let me know :)
Hi,
I haven't been able to figure out why the build fails on my side. In the log:
LOG from webpack.FileSystemInfo
<w> Managed item /home/ryutas/packages/cowasm/cowasm/packages/browser/node_modules/python-wasm isn't a directory or doesn't contain a package.json (see snapshot.managedPaths option)
+ 12 hidden lines
and
ryutas@archlinux ~/packages/cowasm/cowasm
ls -l packages/browser/node_modules/python-wasm
lrwxrwxrwx 1 ryutas ryutas 17 Jan 20 07:16 packages/browser/node_modules/python-wasm -> ../../python-wasm
but I don't see any pytnon-wasm in packages directory. Am I missing something?
Any advice will be greatly appreciated. Thank you!
Here is the full log:
ryutas@archlinux ~/packages/cowasm/cowasm
make
./bin/make-all all packages/browser/ packages/build/ packages/bzip2/ packages/coreutils/ packages/cowasm.org/ packages/cowasm.sh/ packages/dash/ packages/dash-wasm/ packages/dylink/ packages/f2c/ packages/kernel/ packages/less/ packages/libedit/ packages/libffi/ packages/libgit2/ packages/libpng/ packages/lua/ packages/luatex/ packages/lzma/ packages/man/ packages/ncurses/ packages/openssl/ packages/posix-browser/ packages/posix-node/ packages/posix-wasm/ packages/rogue/ packages/sqlite/ packages/tar/ packages/termcap/ packages/terminal/ packages/viz/ packages/wasi-js/ packages/wasm-opt/ packages/zlib/
TARGET=$1
shift
ROOTDIR=`pwd`
for PACKAGE in $*
do
cd "$ROOTDIR/$PACKAGE"
echo $PACKAGE
if [ $TARGET = "all" ]; then
make
else
make $TARGET
fi
done
packages/browser/
make[1]: Entering directory '/home/ryutas/packages/cowasm/cowasm/packages/browser'
npm ci
added 471 packages, and audited 1886 packages in 12s
102 packages are looking for funding
run `npm fund` for details
1 high severity vulnerability
To address all issues, run:
npm audit fix
Run `npm audit` for details.
npm run build
> @cowasm/[email protected] build
> webpack
asset main.bundle.js 461 KiB [compared for emit] (name: main)
asset index.html 246 bytes [compared for emit]
runtime modules 1.13 KiB 5 modules
modules by path ./node_modules/ 156 KiB
modules by path ./node_modules/assert/build/ 67.8 KiB 4 modules
modules by path ./node_modules/object-is/*.js 1.14 KiB 4 modules
modules by path ./node_modules/is-nan/*.js 1.2 KiB 4 modules
modules by path ./node_modules/util/ 27.9 KiB 3 modules
modules by path ./node_modules/object-keys/*.js 4.36 KiB 3 modules
modules by path ./node_modules/debug/src/*.js 12 KiB 2 modules
modules by path ./node_modules/call-bind/*.js 1.68 KiB 2 modules
modules by path ./node_modules/function-bind/*.js 1.55 KiB 2 modules
modules by path ./node_modules/has-symbols/*.js 2.13 KiB 2 modules
+ 18 modules
modules by path ./src/*.ts 9.31 KiB
./src/index.ts 2.94 KiB [built] [code generated]
./src/python.ts 6.37 KiB [built] [code generated] [1 error]
LOG from webpack.FileSystemInfo
<w> Managed item /home/ryutas/packages/cowasm/cowasm/packages/browser/node_modules/python-wasm isn't a directory or doesn't contain a package.json (see snapshot.managedPaths option)
+ 12 hidden lines
ERROR in ./src/python.ts 38:0-37
Module not found: Error: Can't resolve 'python-wasm' in '/home/ryutas/packages/cowasm/cowasm/packages/browser/src'
@ ./src/index.ts 39:0-30 46:37-43
ERROR in /home/ryutas/packages/cowasm/cowasm/packages/browser/src/kernel.ts
3:28-44
[tsl] ERROR in /home/ryutas/packages/cowasm/cowasm/packages/browser/src/kernel.ts(3,29)
TS2306: File '/home/ryutas/packages/cowasm/cowasm/packages/kernel/index.d.ts' is not a module.
ERROR in /home/ryutas/packages/cowasm/cowasm/packages/browser/src/python.ts
./src/python.ts 3:23-36
[tsl] ERROR in /home/ryutas/packages/cowasm/cowasm/packages/browser/src/python.ts(3,24)
TS2307: Cannot find module 'python-wasm' or its corresponding type declarations.
@ ./src/index.ts 39:0-30 46:37-43
3 errors have detailed information that is not shown.
Use 'stats.errorDetails: true' resp. '--stats-error-details' to show it.
webpack 5.73.0 compiled with 3 errors in 1720 ms
make[1]: *** [Makefile:9: /home/ryutas/packages/cowasm/cowasm/packages/browser/dist/.built] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/ryutas/packages/cowasm/cowasm/packages/browser'
make: *** [Makefile:10: all] Error 2
(a probably related issue: #42 )
cd ~/10-cowasm/node_modules/dash-wasm
npx dash-wasm -x
(cowasm)$ cat wrongname1
+ cat wrongname1
cat: wrongname1: No such file or directory
(cowasm)$ cat wrongname1
+ cat wrongname1
cat: wrongname1: No such file or directory
cat: stdout: Bad file descriptor
(cowasm)$ cat /cowasm/usr/share/termcap
+ cat /cowasm/usr/share/termcap
cat: stdout: Bad file descriptor
(cowasm)$ echo abc
+ echo abc
sh: 4: echo: echo: I/O error
(cowasm)$ python
+ python
Python 3.11.0 (main, Nov 29 2022, 20:26:05) [Clang 15.0.3 ([email protected]:ziglang/zig-bootstrap.git 0ce789d0f7a4d89fdc4d9571 on wasi
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
# i cannot see what i am typing
# 78*89
# aaaaaaaaa
# quit()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
OSError: [Errno 8] Bad file descriptor
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'aaaaaaaaa' is not defined
Exception ignored in: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stdout>' mode='w' encoding='utf-8'>
OSError: [Errno 8] Bad file descriptor
(cowasm)$
(but with 1 extra error message)
EDIT I have cut this chapter into a comment
EDIT I have cut this chapter into a comment
in a comment
in a comment
But it works fine in Safari and Chrome.
This is really just practice for sagemathinc/cocalc#6128 but with a much easier less consequential (there are zero users!) codebase.
Right now some core/ packages depend on python/ for good reason, e.g., dash-wasm, since we want to include python-wasm in the dash-wasm environment. Actually that might be the only one. This makes it so building just core involves building a lot of python stuff, e.g., numpy.
Fix this. The question is where should dash-wasm go? I don't know yet.
Site updates aren't noticed by browsers unless they explicitly clear cache for https://python-wasm.cocalc.com/
We finally have service workers working, e.g., at https://python-wasm.org. However, they just use the / scope. This would presumably conflict with embedding python-wasm into sites that have their own service worker at that scope, e.g., https://cocalc.com has a service worker at /.
That said, it's not clear to me that python-wasm is ever going to be embedded not as an iframe in other web applications, and if it is embedded as an iframe, I think the scope issue goes away. Anyway, recording this here for future thought.
this will crash the shell at https://cowasm.sh/
seq 1 10 | head -n 1js console
658.bundle.js:2 /usr/bin/sh RuntimeError: unreachable
at growjobtab (wasm://wasm/00521052)
at makejob (wasm://wasm/00521052)
at evalpipe (wasm://wasm/00521052)
at evaltree (wasm://wasm/00521052)
at cmdloop (wasm://wasm/00521052)
at main (wasm://wasm/00521052)
at e.default.run (658.bundle.js:2:52854)
at Object.cowasm_vforkexec (658.bundle.js:2:4329)
at n.<computed> (658.bundle.js:2:6410)
at /aa318ea0a6040fd50963.wasm
In Pyodide doing import time; time.sleep(10) just silently does nothing right now. See pyodide/pyodide#2354 for their discussion.
I've seen some other python wasm shell somewhere online that just spun the cpu 100% for approx 10 seconds.
On python-wasm here it gives an oserror.
The solution for python-wasm is just to properly implement whatever select system call is required, which should be completely straightforward given our model.
If I understand correctly, Cowasm , when being run from nodejs, is Js+wasm, no native-code files, that's important.
// I plan to study and do experiments
One example where work is needed is
this.stdinBuffer = this.waitForStdin();in wasi.ts. The above will wait forever for stdin, but should only wait the specified amount
of time. For Python in python-wasm/packages/cpython/build/wasm/Modules/readline.c it looks like the amount of time is 0.1 seconds... and after that time, there is an explicit call to check for signals. That said, maybe we'll just end the waitForStdin when there is a signal.
Currently we use node.js for tooling and running python-wasm on the command line.
However, there is a new project https://bun.sh/ that is similar to Node.js, but written using Zig instead of C/C++. Since (1) we're also using Zig and typescript extensively for python-wasm, and (2) bun is very fast and modern with native typescript support, it would be natural to use bun for python-wasm, at least optionally. It might me faster startup times, faster execution, etc., and also easier to read code if we want to dive into the runtime itself. A blocker prerequisite for this is WebWorker support, which bun.sh does NOT have. It's on the roadmap here:
This is because we just terminate on any appearance of control+D. I guess that's not so good.
I noticed that the wasm files on the website are not optimized with wasm-opt. E.g. running wasm-opt -O on b5423d0ccb3dd1ef21ca.wasm leads to a 5% code size reduction. (There might also be a speed benefit, as e.g. it ends up removing around 10% of total functions - unless those were entirely unused before, they'd be inlined now.)
Not a big deal of course, just wanted to mention this as a possible improvement. Also it might be nice to port wasm-opt itself with CoWasm, and then optimize the website with those.
Really cool project btw!
React
A declarative, efficient, and flexible JavaScript library for building user interfaces.
๐ Vue.js is a progressive, incrementally-adoptable JavaScript framework for building UI on the web.
Typescript
TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that compiles to clean JavaScript output.
An Open Source Machine Learning Framework for Everyone
Django
The Web framework for perfectionists with deadlines.
Laravel
A PHP framework for web artisans
Bring data to life with SVG, Canvas and HTML. ๐๐๐
JavaScript (JS) is a lightweight interpreted programming language with first-class functions.
Some thing interesting about web. New door for the world.
A server is a program made to process requests and deliver data to clients.
Machine learning is a way of modeling and interpreting data that allows a piece of software to respond intelligently.
Some thing interesting about visualization, use data art
Some thing interesting about game, make everyone happy.
Facebook
We are working to build community through open source technology. NB: members must have two-factor auth.
Microsoft
Open source projects and samples from Microsoft.
Google
Google โค๏ธ Open Source for everyone.
Alibaba
Alibaba Open Source for everyone
D3
Data-Driven Documents codes.
Tencent
China tencent open source team.