The go-ethereum from status-im

Go Ethereum

Official Golang implementation of the Ethereum protocol.

Automated builds are available for stable releases and the unstable master branch. Binary archives are published at https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/.

Building the source

For prerequisites and detailed build instructions please read the Installation Instructions.

Building geth requires both a Go (version 1.14 or later) and a C compiler. You can install them using your favourite package manager. Once the dependencies are installed, run

make geth

or, to build the full suite of utilities:

make all

Executables

The go-ethereum project comes with several wrappers/executables found in the cmd directory.

Command	Description
`geth`	Our main Ethereum CLI client. It is the entry point into the Ethereum network (main-, test- or private net), capable of running as a full node (default), archive node (retaining all historical state) or a light node (retrieving data live). It can be used by other processes as a gateway into the Ethereum network via JSON RPC endpoints exposed on top of HTTP, WebSocket and/or IPC transports. `geth --help` and the CLI page for command line options.
`clef`	Stand-alone signing tool, which can be used as a backend signer for `geth`.
`devp2p`	Utilities to interact with nodes on the networking layer, without running a full blockchain.
`abigen`	Source code generator to convert Ethereum contract definitions into easy to use, compile-time type-safe Go packages. It operates on plain Ethereum contract ABIs with expanded functionality if the contract bytecode is also available. However, it also accepts Solidity source files, making development much more streamlined. Please see our Native DApps page for details.
`bootnode`	Stripped down version of our Ethereum client implementation that only takes part in the network node discovery protocol, but does not run any of the higher level application protocols. It can be used as a lightweight bootstrap node to aid in finding peers in private networks.
`evm`	Developer utility version of the EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) that is capable of running bytecode snippets within a configurable environment and execution mode. Its purpose is to allow isolated, fine-grained debugging of EVM opcodes (e.g. `evm --code 60ff60ff --debug run`).
`rlpdump`	Developer utility tool to convert binary RLP (Recursive Length Prefix) dumps (data encoding used by the Ethereum protocol both network as well as consensus wise) to user-friendlier hierarchical representation (e.g. `rlpdump --hex CE0183FFFFFFC4C304050583616263`).
`puppeth`	a CLI wizard that aids in creating a new Ethereum network.

Running `geth`

Going through all the possible command line flags is out of scope here (please consult our CLI Wiki page), but we've enumerated a few common parameter combos to get you up to speed quickly on how you can run your own geth instance.

Full node on the main Ethereum network

By far the most common scenario is people wanting to simply interact with the Ethereum network: create accounts; transfer funds; deploy and interact with contracts. For this particular use-case the user doesn't care about years-old historical data, so we can fast-sync quickly to the current state of the network. To do so:

$ geth console

This command will:

Start geth in fast sync mode (default, can be changed with the --syncmode flag), causing it to download more data in exchange for avoiding processing the entire history of the Ethereum network, which is very CPU intensive.
Start up geth's built-in interactive JavaScript console, (via the trailing console subcommand) through which you can interact using web3 methods (note: the web3 version bundled within geth is very old, and not up to date with official docs), as well as geth's own management APIs. This tool is optional and if you leave it out you can always attach to an already running geth instance with geth attach.

A Full node on the Görli test network

Transitioning towards developers, if you'd like to play around with creating Ethereum contracts, you almost certainly would like to do that without any real money involved until you get the hang of the entire system. In other words, instead of attaching to the main network, you want to join the test network with your node, which is fully equivalent to the main network, but with play-Ether only.

$ geth --goerli console

The console subcommand has the exact same meaning as above and they are equally useful on the testnet too. Please, see above for their explanations if you've skipped here.

Specifying the --goerli flag, however, will reconfigure your geth instance a bit:

Instead of connecting the main Ethereum network, the client will connect to the Görli test network, which uses different P2P bootnodes, different network IDs and genesis states.
Instead of using the default data directory (~/.ethereum on Linux for example), geth will nest itself one level deeper into a goerli subfolder (~/.ethereum/goerli on Linux). Note, on OSX and Linux this also means that attaching to a running testnet node requires the use of a custom endpoint since geth attach will try to attach to a production node endpoint by default, e.g., geth attach <datadir>/goerli/geth.ipc. Windows users are not affected by this.

Note: Although there are some internal protective measures to prevent transactions from crossing over between the main network and test network, you should make sure to always use separate accounts for play-money and real-money. Unless you manually move accounts, geth will by default correctly separate the two networks and will not make any accounts available between them.

Full node on the Rinkeby test network

Go Ethereum also supports connecting to the older proof-of-authority based test network called Rinkeby which is operated by members of the community.

$ geth --rinkeby console

Full node on the Ropsten test network

In addition to Görli and Rinkeby, Geth also supports the ancient Ropsten testnet. The Ropsten test network is based on the Ethash proof-of-work consensus algorithm. As such, it has certain extra overhead and is more susceptible to reorganization attacks due to the network's low difficulty/security.

$ geth --ropsten console

Note: Older Geth configurations store the Ropsten database in the testnet subdirectory.

Configuration

As an alternative to passing the numerous flags to the geth binary, you can also pass a configuration file via:

$ geth --config /path/to/your_config.toml

To get an idea how the file should look like you can use the dumpconfig subcommand to export your existing configuration:

$ geth --your-favourite-flags dumpconfig

Note: This works only with geth v1.6.0 and above.

Docker quick start

One of the quickest ways to get Ethereum up and running on your machine is by using Docker:

docker run -d --name ethereum-node -v /Users/alice/ethereum:/root \
           -p 8545:8545 -p 30303:30303 \
           ethereum/client-go

This will start geth in fast-sync mode with a DB memory allowance of 1GB just as the above command does. It will also create a persistent volume in your home directory for saving your blockchain as well as map the default ports. There is also an alpine tag available for a slim version of the image.

Do not forget --http.addr 0.0.0.0, if you want to access RPC from other containers and/or hosts. By default, geth binds to the local interface and RPC endpoints is not accessible from the outside.

Programmatically interfacing `geth` nodes

As a developer, sooner rather than later you'll want to start interacting with geth and the Ethereum network via your own programs and not manually through the console. To aid this, geth has built-in support for a JSON-RPC based APIs (standard APIs and geth specific APIs). These can be exposed via HTTP, WebSockets and IPC (UNIX sockets on UNIX based platforms, and named pipes on Windows).

The IPC interface is enabled by default and exposes all the APIs supported by geth, whereas the HTTP and WS interfaces need to manually be enabled and only expose a subset of APIs due to security reasons. These can be turned on/off and configured as you'd expect.

HTTP based JSON-RPC API options:

--http Enable the HTTP-RPC server
--http.addr HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: localhost)
--http.port HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: 8545)
--http.api API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface (default: eth,net,web3)
--http.corsdomain Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross origin requests (browser enforced)
--ws Enable the WS-RPC server
--ws.addr WS-RPC server listening interface (default: localhost)
--ws.port WS-RPC server listening port (default: 8546)
--ws.api API's offered over the WS-RPC interface (default: eth,net,web3)
--ws.origins Origins from which to accept websockets requests
--ipcdisable Disable the IPC-RPC server
--ipcapi API's offered over the IPC-RPC interface (default: admin,debug,eth,miner,net,personal,shh,txpool,web3)
--ipcpath Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the datadir (explicit paths escape it)

You'll need to use your own programming environments' capabilities (libraries, tools, etc) to connect via HTTP, WS or IPC to a geth node configured with the above flags and you'll need to speak JSON-RPC on all transports. You can reuse the same connection for multiple requests!

Note: Please understand the security implications of opening up an HTTP/WS based transport before doing so! Hackers on the internet are actively trying to subvert Ethereum nodes with exposed APIs! Further, all browser tabs can access locally running web servers, so malicious web pages could try to subvert locally available APIs!

Operating a private network

Maintaining your own private network is more involved as a lot of configurations taken for granted in the official networks need to be manually set up.

Defining the private genesis state

First, you'll need to create the genesis state of your networks, which all nodes need to be aware of and agree upon. This consists of a small JSON file (e.g. call it genesis.json):

{
  "config": {
    "chainId": <arbitrary positive integer>,
    "homesteadBlock": 0,
    "eip150Block": 0,
    "eip155Block": 0,
    "eip158Block": 0,
    "byzantiumBlock": 0,
    "constantinopleBlock": 0,
    "petersburgBlock": 0,
    "istanbulBlock": 0,
    "berlinBlock": 0
  },
  "alloc": {},
  "coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "difficulty": "0x20000",
  "extraData": "",
  "gasLimit": "0x2fefd8",
  "nonce": "0x0000000000000042",
  "mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "timestamp": "0x00"
}

The above fields should be fine for most purposes, although we'd recommend changing the nonce to some random value so you prevent unknown remote nodes from being able to connect to you. If you'd like to pre-fund some accounts for easier testing, create the accounts and populate the alloc field with their addresses.

"alloc": {
  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": {
    "balance": "111111111"
  },
  "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": {
    "balance": "222222222"
  }
}

With the genesis state defined in the above JSON file, you'll need to initialize every geth node with it prior to starting it up to ensure all blockchain parameters are correctly set:

$ geth init path/to/genesis.json

Creating the rendezvous point

With all nodes that you want to run initialized to the desired genesis state, you'll need to start a bootstrap node that others can use to find each other in your network and/or over the internet. The clean way is to configure and run a dedicated bootnode:

$ bootnode --genkey=boot.key
$ bootnode --nodekey=boot.key

With the bootnode online, it will display an enode URL that other nodes can use to connect to it and exchange peer information. Make sure to replace the displayed IP address information (most probably [::]) with your externally accessible IP to get the actual enode URL.

Note: You could also use a full-fledged geth node as a bootnode, but it's the less recommended way.

Starting up your member nodes

With the bootnode operational and externally reachable (you can try telnet <ip> <port> to ensure it's indeed reachable), start every subsequent geth node pointed to the bootnode for peer discovery via the --bootnodes flag. It will probably also be desirable to keep the data directory of your private network separated, so do also specify a custom --datadir flag.

$ geth --datadir=path/to/custom/data/folder --bootnodes=<bootnode-enode-url-from-above>

Note: Since your network will be completely cut off from the main and test networks, you'll also need to configure a miner to process transactions and create new blocks for you.

Running a private miner

Mining on the public Ethereum network is a complex task as it's only feasible using GPUs, requiring an OpenCL or CUDA enabled ethminer instance. For information on such a setup, please consult the EtherMining subreddit and the ethminer repository.

In a private network setting, however a single CPU miner instance is more than enough for practical purposes as it can produce a stable stream of blocks at the correct intervals without needing heavy resources (consider running on a single thread, no need for multiple ones either). To start a geth instance for mining, run it with all your usual flags, extended by:

$ geth <usual-flags> --mine --miner.threads=1 --miner.etherbase=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Which will start mining blocks and transactions on a single CPU thread, crediting all proceedings to the account specified by --miner.etherbase. You can further tune the mining by changing the default gas limit blocks converge to (--miner.targetgaslimit) and the price transactions are accepted at (--miner.gasprice).

Contribution

Thank you for considering to help out with the source code! We welcome contributions from anyone on the internet, and are grateful for even the smallest of fixes!

If you'd like to contribute to go-ethereum, please fork, fix, commit and send a pull request for the maintainers to review and merge into the main code base. If you wish to submit more complex changes though, please check up with the core devs first on our Discord Server to ensure those changes are in line with the general philosophy of the project and/or get some early feedback which can make both your efforts much lighter as well as our review and merge procedures quick and simple.

Please make sure your contributions adhere to our coding guidelines:

Code must adhere to the official Go formatting guidelines (i.e. uses gofmt).
Code must be documented adhering to the official Go commentary guidelines.
Pull requests need to be based on and opened against the master branch.
Commit messages should be prefixed with the package(s) they modify.
- E.g. "eth, rpc: make trace configs optional"

Please see the Developers' Guide for more details on configuring your environment, managing project dependencies, and testing procedures.

License

The go-ethereum library (i.e. all code outside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING.LESSER file.

The go-ethereum binaries (i.e. all code inside of the cmd directory) is licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0, also included in our repository in the COPYING file.

Implement observer chain

Implement ObserverChain for general purpose event logging. Its simplest use case is collecting diagnostic/statistical data. In addition to diagnostic purposes some of this data may also be post-processed with chain filters to provide service quality/capacity/availability estimates for clients.

An observer chain is basically a personal blockchain that is generated by individual nodes and validated by a single signature. Each block contains an Ethereum trie structure that is used as a general purpose key/value store. Interpretation of its contents (called statements) is application-specific, there are no general rules applying to its contents. Application-specific state transition rules can be defined inside the trie itself (we call these voluntary rules promises).

Whether the statement tries of subsequent blocks are interpreted as independent key/value stores (each new statement recorded in one block only) or an evolving database where trie entries are inherited from the previous statement trie is up to the specific application. Separate key ranges can be handled differently too. It is also allowed to leave data in the trie forever and just forget entire subtries that are no longer relevant to anyone. Ensuring data availability is the responsibility of everyone who might want to prove the existence of a certain statement later.

// NewObserverChain inits structure, reads existing chain head from db if possible.
func NewObserverChain(db ethdb.Database) *ObserverChain

func (o *ObserverChain) GetHead() *ObserverBlock

func (o *ObserverChain) GetBlock(index uint64) *ObserverBlock

// LockAndGetTrie locks trie mutex and gets r/w access to the current observer trie.
func (o *ObserverChain) LockAndGetTrie() *trie.Trie

// UnlockTrie unlocks trie mutex.
func (o *ObserverChain) UnlockTrie()

// CreateBlock commits current trie and seals a new block; continues using the same
// trie (values are persistent, we will care about garbage collection later).
func (o *ObserverChain) CreateBlock() *ObserverBlock

// AutoCreateBlocks creates a new block periodically until chain is closed; non-blocking, 
// starts a goroutine.
func (o *ObserverChain) AutoCreateBlocks(period time.Duration)

func (o *ObserverChain) Close()

The observer blocks have the following fields:

PrevHash	common.Hash
Number	        uint64
UnixTime	uint64
TrieRoot	common.Hash // root hash of a trie.Trie structure that is updated for every new block
SignatureType	string	// "ECDSA"
Signature	[]byte	// 65-byte ECDSA signature

Note: Signature is based on the hash of the RLP encoding of the struct while the Signature field is set to nil.

For signing with ECDSA see example here: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/blob/master/les/protocol.go#L144

Observer chains have to follow these general rules:

numbers must be consecutive
each number must be used only once (rolling back and forking are forbidden)
timestamps must be monotonic

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go-ethereum's Introduction

Go Ethereum

Building the source

Executables

Running geth

Full node on the main Ethereum network

A Full node on the Görli test network

Full node on the Rinkeby test network

Full node on the Ropsten test network

Configuration

Docker quick start

Programmatically interfacing geth nodes

Operating a private network

Defining the private genesis state

Creating the rendezvous point

Starting up your member nodes

Running a private miner

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